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Spanish Colonization in North America

Spanish Colonization in North America. Dr. Greg O’Brien Department of History UNC - Greensboro. Spanish Invasion Background: the Reconquista. Across the Atlantic: Columbus, 1492-1504 Santo Domingo (Hispaniola) The Tainos. Encounters & Conquests in the Americas.

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Spanish Colonization in North America

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  1. Spanish Colonization in North America Dr. Greg O’Brien Department of History UNC - Greensboro

  2. Spanish Invasion Background: the Reconquista Across the Atlantic: Columbus, 1492-1504 Santo Domingo (Hispaniola) The Tainos Encounters & Conquests in the Americas

  3. Spanish Policy & Labor Systems in the Americas • Two views of Indians: • Noble vsbarbaros • Encomienda (forced labor) – first established informally in Hispaniola in 1493 • Indians forced to labor as miners, ranchers, farmers • Requerimiento, 1513 • Conversion or war

  4. To the Mainland

  5. To North America • Juan de Coronado and others in the Southwest, 1540s • Juan de Oñate, 1598 - Fight against the Acoma Pueblo - 1609–1610, Pedro de Peralta founds Santa Fe on the Rio Grande River Coronado Expedition Acoma Pueblo

  6. Texas & California • Spanish begin to settle in Texas in 1528 • First two missions founded near El Paso to convert Apaches • Missions have facilities for living, working, and worshipping • Father Junípero Serra founds first California mission (1769) • By 1823, 21 Franciscan missions in California • Many missions protected by forts, called presidios

  7. Indian Resistance & Accommodation in the Southwest Rebellion among the Southwest Pueblos, 1680 • Popé (Po-páy) • Taos Pueblo • Spanish outlaw Pueblo religion • “Inside” / “Outside” chiefs • Siege of Santa Fe • Spanish do not return for 12 years Catholic Church at Taos Pueblo

  8. The Southeast: The Hernando de Soto Expedition, 1539-1543 • De Soto’s experience in the Americas • Encountering Mississippian Chiefdoms • Battle of Mabila, 1540 • Chief Tascaluza • Impacts • Diseases? • Source? • Chiefdom disintegration • Warfare • New societies De Soto Expedition route through the SE

  9. The groups De Soto encountered 1539-1541

  10. Change in the SE after the de Soto Expedition -new societies formed from depleted groups Example of Creek Indian ethnogenesis post-de Soto

  11. Spanish Missions in the Southeast • San Agustín, est. 1565 • Goal: • Military outpost • Permanent royal colony to protect fleets and territory • Spanish Missions in the South → • Franciscan Missionaries • Attempt mission in the Chesapeake Bay, 1570-72

  12. Spanish Relations with Indians in Florida • Efforts to convert Indians to Christianity • Guale Revolt, 1597 • Apalachee Revolt, 1647 • Timucua Revolt, 1656

  13. Carolina attacks on Spanish Florida • Queen Anne’s War, 1701-1713 • Attacks led by Carolina Governor James Moore on Spanish missions • San Agustín captured but fort holds out • Goal: Indian captives to sell as slaves • Impact: destruction of the Indian missions – diminished Spanish presence – relocation of Native peoples

  14. Additional Resources • David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (1992) • Andrew Knaut, The Pueblo Revolt of 1680: Conquest and Resistance in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico (1997) • Michael V. Wilcox, The Pueblo Revolt and the Mythology of Conquest: An Indigenous Archaeology of Contact (2009) • Charles Hudson, Knights Of Spain, Warriors Of The Sun: The Hernando de Soto Expedition and the South’s Ancient Chiefdoms (1998) • Jerald T. Milanich, Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians (2006) • Donald E. Chipman, Spanish Texas, 1519-1821, revised edition (2010) • James A. Sandos, Converting California: Indians and Franciscans in the Missions (2004)

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