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Hick-Hyman Law

INFORMATION THEORY THE COMMUNICAION SYSTEMS Channel capacity (C ) – the amount of info transmitted per time through a channel. Hick-Hyman Law. the rate of gain of information (Hick, 1952) and index of performance (IP) in Fitts (1948). Hick-Hyman Law. QUANTIFYING INFORMATION

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Hick-Hyman Law

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  1. INFORMATION THEORY THE COMMUNICAION SYSTEMS Channel capacity (C) – the amount of info transmitted per time through a channel Hick-Hyman Law

  2. the rate of gain of information (Hick, 1952) and index of performance (IP) in Fitts (1948) Hick-Hyman Law

  3. QUANTIFYING INFORMATION Information – reduction in uncertainty (bit) Shannon-Weiner measure of information or Have: the entropy of a stimulus or a set of stimuli when the alternatives are not equiprobable Hmax: the alternatives are equiprobable HT = H(x) – Hy(x) where H(x): the expected information of the source Hy(x): the received information at the destination Hick-Hyman Law

  4. THE HICK-HYMAN LAW Hick (1952) Original Experiments Hick-Hyman Law • choice RT vs. stimulus info content • errorless responses

  5. Experiment II 3 phases – as fast as possible, then as accurately as possible, finally as fast as possible again Hick-Hyman Law training (accurate) diamonds for fast RT

  6. Hyman (1952) Original Experiments Hick-Hyman Law

  7. Hyman (1952) Original Experiments The first to articulate the linearity between RT and HT Altered the probabilities of the stimuli to assess RT as a function of HT RT was linear as s function of bits of the alternatives with unequal probabilities RT = a + b HT 1/b: the rate of gain of information (information capacity) Hick-Hyman Law

  8. Research and Applications Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff Stimulus-Response Compatibility (SRC) Compatible S-R pairs facilitate the responding of a stimulus, thus yielding a higher rate of information transfer Psychometrics investigate RT-IQ relationship HCI Applications Hick-Hyman Law

  9. FITTS’ LAW a linear relationship between task difficulty (ID) and RT human motor system as a communication channel, movement amplitude as the signal, target width as the noise Fitts (1954) Original Experiemtns the reciprocal tapping task Experiment I – metal-tipped stylus (1 oz vs. 1 lb); W from 0.25” to 2”; D from 2 to 16 ”; accuracy was encouraged Fitts’ Law

  10. Fitts’ Law • IP (index of performance or throughput) = ID/MT the capacity of the human motor system

  11. channel capacity (Shannon’s Theorem 17) W is the bandwidth, P is the signal power and N is the noise power Theoretical Development Welford (1960)  MacKenzie (1992)  Meyer et al. (1988)  deterministic iterative-correction model (Crossman and Goodeve, 1983), stochastic optimized-submovement model (Meyer and colleagues, 1990)

  12. Meyer et al. (1998)  where n is number of submovements Research and Applications kinematics and neurocognitive focus Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff Psychometrics HCI Applications Pointing. Angle of Approach. the original Fitts’ paradigm – 1D task

  13. Accot and Zhai (2003) – classical paradigm as AP (pointing with amplitude constraints); paradigm with height constraints as DP (pointing with direction constraints)

  14. Semantic Pointing. both decreasing A and increasing W Text Entry on Soft Keyboards. text entry on GUI Navigation.

  15. INTEGRATION OF THE LAWS Combine the Hick-Hyman Law and Fitts’ Law Beggs et al. (1972) Fitts’ Law did not hold in the fusion Hoffman and Lim (1997) Home-to-target paradigm with both sequential and concurrent tasks The sum of the decision and movement time (sequential) Substantial interference (concurrent) Soukoreff and MacKenzie (1995) Unable to fit the data to the model Hick-Hyman Law

  16. THE HICK-HYMAN LAW AND HCI Common characteristics in both Laws Same analogies based on Shannon and Weaver’s (1949) Same measures such as performance rate and information capacity Substantial support in research Possible reasons for the lack of momentum in HCI (Laming, 1966) discrepancies between Shannon’s theory and Hick’s analogy Victim for the eviction of the soft sciences by hard sciences Fitts’ Law has also comparable quantitative components HCI has shifted its focus to include some soft sciences such as sociology Hick-Hyman Law

  17. Difficulty in Application No need to engage in the complexity of the information theoretic measures Complexity of Stimuli Multidimensional stimuli for the highly complex interfaces needed with simple unidimensional stimuli to reduce confounding Levels and Types of Performance Fitts’ for somewhat monotonous tasks Hick-Hyman Law

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