Library of Congress Lesson 5

1. Library of Congress Lesson 5 Whole-Word Contractions for: child, shall, this, which, out, still Part-Word Contractions for: ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st Ordinal Numbers

2. Whole and Part-word Contractions In General • child • shall • this • which • out • still • ch • sh • th • wh • ou • st Whole-word meaning Part-word meaning/ when connected to other letters LOC 5.1

3. Module 18 The contractions which will be introduced in this module are used as whole-words. child * shall % this ? which : out \ still / LOC 5.2

4. When do we utilize these contractions? • When they stand alone. or • When they are preceded or followed by a hyphen in a compound word. or • When they are followed by an apostrophe. • They stand only for the letters they represent. Whole-word meaning Part–word meaning

5. When to use/not using with apostrophe • child’s • still’s • this”ll • which”ll When to use with an Apostrophe When not to use with an Apostrophe LOC 5.2a

6. These whole-wordcontractionsare joined to other words by the hyphen to form hyphenated compound words, whether such words are written on one line or divided between lines. LOC 5.2b Hyphenated compound words

7. Examples: • child-of • the-dawn • *-(- • !-DAWN • still-life /-LIFE • out-and- out lie \-&- \ LIE • LOC 5.2b • Hyphenated compound words

8. These signs are used to represent proper names: (Still), Morris (and) Associates ,/1 ,MORRIS & ,ASSOCIATES LOC 5.2c As proper names

9. Module 19 • The contractions which will be introduced in this module are used as part-word contractions. • Part-wordcontractions for: • ch* wh: sh% ou\ th?st/ LOC 5.3 • Part-wordcontractions

10. In general, these signs are used as part-wordcontractions whenever the letters they represent occur within a word, even if they overlap a minor syllable division as we learned in Lesson 4, 4.5b(2). LOC 5.3 Part-wordcontractions

11. Examples: • The sign for wh is used in: • what • whale • The sign for ou is used in: • coupon • proud • four • The sign for ch is used in: Chicago scratch • The sign for sh is used in: shoe hush • The sign for th is used in: thorn filth LOC 5.3 • Part-wordcontractions

12. If these contractions are joined to other letters they take on their part-wordmeaning and lose their whole-word status. This applies even if the word is divided between lines. grandchild GR&*ILD outside \TSIDE grand- GR&- child *ILD out-\T- sideSIDE LOC 5.3 • Part-wordcontractions

13. The contractions cannot be used where part of the letters fall into a prefix and the rest fall into a base or root word. Can you use the sign for ou in prounion? Can you use the sign for shin mishap or mishandle? Can you use the sign for stin mistake or mistrust? LOC 5.3a • Prefixes

14. Answers: We cannot use these contractions because of syllable division. (The asterisk represents the syllable division.) • pro ٭ union • mis٭ hap mis ٭ han ٭ dle 3. mis ٭ take mis ٭ trust LOC 5.3a • Prefixes

15. Should you use the part-word contractions in the following words: sh in dachshund wh in rawhide th in porthole st in crosstrees NO! WHY? They are not used where they fall partly into one component of a solid compound word and partly into another. sh in dachshund wh in rawhide th in porthole st in crosstrees LOC 5.3b Solid (Unhyphenated) compound words

16. As we learned earlier if we have a choice between two contractions, which one do we use? Answer: The one that uses the least amount of space is usually preferred. Examples: Use the the contraction notthe th contraction in the following words. Theory Mathematics Theology LOC 5.3c Contraction preference

17. Should the shcontractionbeused to mean an admonition to silence? NO! WHY? Becausesh bears its whole-word meaning shall when standing alone. LOC 5.3d Part-word contraction sh

18. Is the contraction sh used when additional letters are added such as: Shhhh! Answer: Yes! LOC 5.3d Part-word contraction sh

19. When in print the words Street and Saint are abbreviated St. (with a period) they should be abbreviated in braille and the contraction st is used. LOC 5.3e Part-word contraction st.

20. When in print the words Street and Saint are abbreviated St (without a period), the letters, not the contractions, are used because the contraction standing along would be read as Still. LOC 5.3e Part-word contraction st.

21. When in print the words Street and Saint are not abbreviated and are spelled out fully, follow print copy. LOC 5.3e Part-word contraction st.

22. Do not use the whole-word contractions for: child, shall, this, which, out and still when they are in contact with a slash. However, you may use the part-word contractions for ch, sh, th, wh, ou, and stwhen they are in direct contact with a slash. LOC 5.4 With Slashes {VII.28.e(6)(b)}

23. The contractions for st and th should be used when writing ordinal numbers such as: 1st or 1st #A/ 4th or 4th#D? LOC 5.5 Ordinal Numbers {VII.29} [diff.]

24. Occasionally they are represented by adding only the letter d to the number. In such cases the letter n or rshould be inserted. 2d should be brailled as 2nd 3d should be brailled as 3rd LOC 5.5 Ordinal Numbers {VII.29} [diff.]

25. The contraction for the letters storwhole word still Dot formation 34

26. st/still St has the whole-word meaning still regardless of it definition: • Lie still, still-life, liquor still • Postillion: po(st)illion is written as indicated • Instilled: (in)(st)ill(ed) is written as indicated • Contraction st yields to syllabication when a word must be divided at the end of a line: cry(st)al is divided crys-tal, between the s and t.

27. st/still The contraction for st is not used when the first syllable is the prefix mis and second syllable is a word (or part of a word) which retains its original meaning: mis٭ trial In the word mis ٭ tru(st) note that the st is contracted in the last syllable. st is not used in compound words such as: cross ٭ t(ow)n. st may be used to represent proper nouns as: Hotel (St)illwat(er)

28. st/still Should the contraction st be used when it is followed by a period in the abbreviations for Saint and Street, such as: Wall (St). (St). Luke YES! WHY? Because the context will make it clear to the reader that the contraction does not have its usual whole-word meaning. When transcribing, copy ink print exactly.

29. Review Whole-word contractions and Part-word contractions Lesson 5

30. st/still The contraction for st is used with numbers: 21st is written: number sign 21(st). There is no space between the 21 and stcontraction, as shown below. #BA/

31. We are going to study six part-word contractions. Four of these contractions end with a letter h. Later we will study another contraction that ends in h. The gh contraction which fits into the pattern. ch, sh, th, wh

32. (ch) is formed by dot 1 – the letter a plus dot 6(gh) is formed by dots 12 – the letter b plus dot 6(sh) is formed by dots 14 – the letter c plus dot 6(th) is formed by dots 145 – the letter d plus dot 6(wh) is formed by dots 15 – the letter e plus dot 6 Braille Pattern

33. The contraction for the letters ouor whole word out Dot formation 1256

34. ou/out The contraction for the letters ou have the whole-word meaning out. When the letters out are part of a word, the contraction for ou and the letter t must be used. Words such as b(ou)t and (ou)tside are written as indicated.

35. ou/out Remember: If a word containing a whole word which has its own contraction must be divided at the end of a line, you write the parts as you would the whole. (ou)t- (with)- live (ou)t \T- )- LIVE \T

36. ou/out Reminder: In dialect the whole-word contractions may not be used and therefore d’y(ou) (meaning do you), must be written as indicated.

37. The contraction for the letters whor whole word which Dot formation 156

38. wh/which The contraction for the letters wh have the whole-word meaning which. When the letters wh are part of a word such as (wh)ale and (wh)atever they are written as indicated.

39. wh/which Should you use the wh in the word rawhide? NO! WHY? Because rawhide is a compound word (two root words written as one). raw/hide

40. The contraction for the letters thor whole word this Dot formation 1456

41. th/this The contraction for the letters th have the whole-word meaning this. When the letters th are part of a word such as (th)i(st)le and (th)orn they are written as indicated.

42. th/this Should the contractions for th be used in words like: shorthand foothills portholes NO! WHY? They are compound words (two root words written as one). (sh)ort/h(and) foot/hills port/holes

43. th/this Remember: The the contraction the takes precedence. nor(th) nor(the)rn ba(th) ba(the)d Correct syllabication must always be upheld. When brotherly must be divided at the end of a line: bro(the)r-ly bro(th)-(er)ly BRO!R- BRO?- LY ]LY

44. th/this The contraction th is used with numbers. 56th is written: number sign 56(th). Remember: There is no space between the 56 and th sign, as shown below. #EF?

45. The contraction for the letters shor whole word shall Dot formation 146

46. sh/shall The contraction for the letters sh have the whole-word meaning shall. When the letters sh are part of a word such as (sh)oe and hu(sh) they are written as indicated.

47. sh/shall Should the sh contraction be used in words such as: mishandle mishap NO! WHY? It would result in the pronunciation to be incorrect and the prefix is followed by a word or part of a word in its own right. mis/h(and)le mis/hap

48. sh/shall Sh meaning hush or to be quite MUST BE WRITTEN OUT!!!

49. The contraction for the letters chor whole word child Dot formation 16

50. ch/child The contraction for the letters ch have the whole-word meaning child. When the letters ch are part of a word such as (Ch)icago, scrat(ch), and (ch)ildhood they are written as indicated.