BRAF Inhibitor - BioOncology

1. BRAF Inhibitor - BioOncology

2. CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE The molecules that make up organisms are carbon based compounds. Organic molecules - carbon-containing. CH4, other hydrocarbons, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids (DNA) are all organic molecules. Why Carbon? -Carbon is extremely versitile, its electron configuration allows it to form many different types of bonds, to form many different types of molecules.

3. Carbon (valence 4) can form bonds with itself and the other elements common in living organisms; H, O, N - 4 single bonds (sp3) -1 double bond and 2 single bonds -1 triple bond and 1 single bond

4. Figure 4.2 The shapes of three simple organic molecules

5. Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons

6. Figure 4.4x Hydrocarbons: molecular models Butane Isobutane Hexane Note that all carbons have tetrahedral arrangement Cyclohexane

7. Functional Groups attached to carbon backbones produces structural and functional diversity Sugars, amino acids, lipids Sugars Sugars, lipids Amino acids, proteins, fatty acids Amino acids, proteins, neurotransmitters Amino acids, protein (structure) DNA, RNA, energy carrier molecules, some protiens

8. Slight change in functional groups can result in major functional changes in organic molecules. Testosterone (male sex hormone) Estradiol (female sex hormone)

9. More variation in organic molecules comes from different spatial arrangement - Isomers Cis and Trans isomers Mirror image molecules

10. Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers

11. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES Biological molecules, carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are extremely large - Macromolecules Carbohydrates (some), proteins and nucleic acids are chain-like molecules called polymers. Polymers are made by covalently linking together subunits called monomers. While the monomer subunits differ for different classes of macromolecule, the mechanism used in cells to make and break polymers is basically universal.

12. Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers Dehydration synthesis or Condensation reaction Hydrolysis

13. CARBOHYDRATES Include sugars and polymers of sugars- Fuel and structural components of cells. Molecular formula: CH2O ex. Glucose C6H12O6 Sugars have 3 or more carbons, a carbonyl group (C=O) and multiple hydroxyl groups (OH).

14. Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides Aldehydes Ketones

15. Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose Monosaccharides are utilized by cells for energy.

16. When glucose forms a ring structure, the OH on C1 can be up (b) or down (a). 64% 36%

17. Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis Two sugars monosaccharides linked together are disaccharides. a a Lactose (milk sugar) is a disaccharide of glucose and galactose.

18. Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides Polysaccharides are macromolecules with storage and structural functions. H-bonding holds starch in helical shape

19. Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures  Comparison of a storage and a structural polysaccharide.

20. Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls

21. Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread NH amide C = O CH3

22. LIPIDS: HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES -Diverse set of biomolecules with one common feature, little or no affinity for water (insoluble, hydrophobic). Lipids are mostly hydrocarbon. -Fats, Oils, Phospholipids, sphingolipids, Steroids (cholesterol), Prostaglandins and Waxes. -Unlike carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids, lipids are not polymers.

23. FATS AND OILS -Long term fuel storage, insulation, source of fatty acids for the synthesis of membrane components, sphingolipids, cerebrosides, and prostaglandins. -Not polymers, but they are large molecules composed of smaller molecules by dehydration synthesis. -Fats and oils are composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.

24. Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol Saturated fatty acids (triglyceride)

25. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS • Contain 1 or more double-bonded carbons in the hydrocarbon tail of the fatty acid.

26. Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids 

27. What are essential fatty acids? What are Hydrogenated oils? What are “Trans-fatty acids” Cis double bond Trans-double bond

28. PHOSPHOLIPIDS

29. Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments   

30. WAXES Fatty Acid Fatty Alcohol

31. STEROIDS -Hormones -Essential cell membrane components (cholesterol) Cholesterol