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ネットワークコンピューティング論 Ⅱ

ネットワークコンピューティング論 Ⅱ. 平成 23 年度 後期 火曜 第2時限(10:40-12:10) 吉永 努(UEC ) yosinaga@is.uec.ac.jp. 内 容. 分散・並列処理計算機における相互結合ネットワークとその上でのメッセージ・ルーティング技法などについて学ぶ 資料 http://comp.is.uec.ac.jp/yoshinagalab/yoshinaga/dp2.html http :// www.gap.upv.es/slides/AppendixE.ppt (253 slides, 13MB)

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ネットワークコンピューティング論 Ⅱ

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  1. ネットワークコンピューティング論Ⅱ 平成23年度 後期 火曜 第2時限(10:40-12:10) 吉永 努(UEC) yosinaga@is.uec.ac.jp NC論2

  2. 内 容 • 分散・並列処理計算機における相互結合ネットワークとその上でのメッセージ・ルーティング技法などについて学ぶ • 資料http://comp.is.uec.ac.jp/yoshinagalab/yoshinaga/dp2.html • http:// www.gap.upv.es/slides/AppendixE.ppt (253 slides, 13MB) • TA: Guan Yicheng君 guan@comp.is.uec.ac.jp     邱平 君 pingqui@comp.is.uec.ac.jp NC論2

  3. References • T. M. Pinkston and J. Duato: Interconnection Networks, Appendix E in Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4th Edition, Morgan Kaufmann publishers(2006). • J. Duato, S. Yalamanchili, L. Ni: Interconnection Networks - an Engineering Approach-, IEEE CS press (1997) • 同第2版, Morgan Kaufmann publishers (2003) • 富田眞治: 並列コンピュータ、昭晃堂(1996) • W.D. Dally, B. Towles: Principles and Practices of Interconnection Networks, Morgan Kaufmann publishers (2003) NC論2

  4. What is an interconnection Network? • It is a programmable system that transports data between terminals, such as processors and memory. • It is programmable in the sense that it makes different connections at different points. • It is a system because it is composed of many components: buffers, channels, switches, and controls that works together to deliver data. NC論2

  5. Interconnection Network (1/2) Interconnection Network P P P M M M Multicomputer NC論2

  6. Interconnection Network (2/2) P P P Interconnection Network M M M UMA type shared memory multiprocessor It is also called dance-hall architecture. NC論2

  7. Trend • Its performance is increasing with processor performance at a rate of 50% per year. • Communication is a limiting factor in the performance of many modern systems. • Buses have been unable to keep up with the bandwidth demand, and point-to-point interconnection networks are rapidly taking over. NC論2

  8. Computer Classifications (%) http://www.top500.org/ share of the TOP500 June, 2011 – June, 2009 NC論2

  9. Examples of MPPs NC論2

  10. Examples of clusters NC論2

  11. Other Networks of Supercomputers • Cray XE6 (2011): 3D torus, proprietary GEMINI link) • Pleiades / NASA (2011): partial 11D hypercube topology with IB QDR/DDR • Red Sky/ Sandia National Lab. (2010): 3D torus (12 bristled node) with IB QDR switches • IBM Roadrunner (2009): fat-tree with IB DDR • Earth Simulator2 / NEC SX-9E (2009): Fat-Tree (64GB/s/cpu, 8-CPU/node, 160 nodes) • IBM Blue Gene/L (2004): 3D torus proprietary (64 x 32 x 32 = 64K nodes) NC論2

  12. Architecture vs. software NC論2

  13. Network Design (1/3) • Performance: latency and throughput (bandwidth) • Scalability: #processors vs. network, memory, I/O bandwidth • Incremental expandability: small to maximum size • Partitionability: netwrok may be partitioned for several users NC論2

  14. Network Design (2/3) • Simplicity: simple design, higher clock frequency, easy to use • Distance span: smaller system is preferred for noise and cable delay, etc. • Physical constraints: packaging (pin count), wiring(wire length), and maintenance (power consumption) should meet physical limitation. NC論2

  15. Network Design (3/3) • Reliability: fault tolerant, reliable communication, hot swap • Expected workload: robust performance over a wade range of traffic conditions. • Cost: trade-offs between cost and performance. NC論2

  16. Classifiction of Interconnection Networks • Shared-Medium Networks • Local area networks (ethernet, token ring) • Backplane bus (e.g. SUN Gigaplane) • Direct Networks (router-based) • mesh, torus, hypercube, tree, … etc. • Indirect Networks (switch-based) • Hybrid Networks NC論2

  17. Shared-Medium Networks (LAN) • Arbitration that determines the mastership of the shared-medium network to resolve network access is needed. • The most well-known protocol is carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). • Token bus and token ring pass a token from the owner which has the right to access the bus/ring and resolve nondeterministic waiting time. NC論2

  18. Shared-Medium Networks (Backplane bus) • It is commonly used to interconnect processor(s) and memory modules to provide SMP (Symmetrical Memory Processor) architecture. • It is realized by printed lines on a circuit board by discrete wiring. • Gigaplane in SUN Enterprise x000 server(1996): 2.6GB/s, 256 bits data, 42 bits address, 83.8MHz clock. NC論2

  19. Direct (static) Networks • Consists of a set of nodes. • Each node is directly connected to a subset of other nodes in the network. • Examples: • 2D mesh (intel Paragon), 3D mesh (MIT J-Mahine) • 2D torus (Fujitsu AP3000), 3D torus (Cray T3D, T3E) • Hypercube (CM1, CM2, nCUBE) NC論2

  20. Mesh topology node 2D 3D NC論2

  21. Torus topology 2D (4-ary 2-cube) 3D (3-ary 3-cube) NC論2

  22. Hypercube (binary n-cube) 4D (2-ary 4-cube) NC論2

  23. tree x tree Binary tree fat tree NC論2

  24. Hierarchical topology (1/2) Pyramid (Hierarchical 2D mesh) Hierarchical ring NC論2

  25. Hierarchical topology (2/2) Cube-connected cycles RDT (Recursive Diagonal Torus) NC論2

  26. Hypermesh (spaninng-bus hypercube) Single or multiple buses NC論2

  27. Base-m n-cube (hyper-crossbar) 770 777 070 077 707 000 007 8x8 crossbar Base-8 3-cube (Toshiba Prodigy) NC論2

  28. Diameter and degrees (1/2) 3 NC論2

  29. Diameter and degrees (2/2) 3 NC論2

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