Put the puzzle together…

1. Put the puzzle together… • What did you discover about the DNA molecule?

2. Today you will be Code breakers and learn how to break the code for creating new DNA strands and how the code in DNA is broken to produce and make proteins!!

3. Do you remember the basic form of DNA?

4. DNA Replication DNA needs to replicate itself for the purpose of cellular division Cells need to be created: To replace cells that have died like skin cells. How often to you scratch your skin and see dead cells? To create a cell (sperm or egg cell) to reproduce a new organism

5. Steps to DNA replication • DNA is unwound and unzipped by enzymes • The DNA code is read by DNA polymerase which adds the corresponding nucleotide (Nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate) • Example Adenine is added to Thymine and Cytosine is added to Guanine

6. DNA before Replication

8. Both DNA Strands are read and a new identical DNA strand is created. If the original DNA strand was ATCGCCGTTA The corresponding strand created would be TAGCGGCAAT What strand would be created if the original strand was AAAACCGGATTT? The strand would be TTTTGGCCTAAA You are so SMART!!!!!!!!!!!

9. Lets try a few more What DNA strand would be created from the following DNA strand? • AATTACGCGGCCC Did you say TTAATGCGCCGGG How about TATATACCGATTTA Did you say ATATATGGCTAAAT Great!!!

10. The DNA Polymerase also serves as a proof reader to correct any mistakes that could occur Mistakes occur in 1/10,000 nucleotides added. An error creating a DNA could cause a disease to occur or the wrong directions given in another part of the cell. Fun Fact… There are some people who lack DNA polymerase and do not have anyone to correct the errors in the DNA made. They are more succeptable to getting cancer when DNA is damaged from exposure to UV rays.

11. How is the code read in the DNA to create proteins and give directions other places in the cell? I need 5 volunteers. DNA-RNA Polymerase-mRNA-tRNA-Ribsome

12. Transcription • The code to create proteins which lies in the DNA must be carried to a place where there are materials for the proteins to be created. Where are proteins created? • DNA is copied to mRNA because DNA is too big to leave through the nuclear pores. • If DNA was not copied the code could not be transferred to the place it can be created.

14. mRNA is created mRNA is created very similarly to how DNA is replicated except for mRNA does not have Thymine Instead it has uracil so when there is an A in a DNA strand the mRNA would have a U. The DNA molecule is split open by RNA polymerase RNA polymerase looks for a specific code that tells it when to start creating RNA called a promoter. The corresponding Nitrogenous bases are added as well as the sugar and phosphate attached.

15. Can you break the DNA code? • If the DNA sequence was ATTCGGCCATT what would the mRNA sequence be that was created? • ___________________________ • Did you say UAAGCCGGUAA • Yeah!!

16. Lets try a few more • If the DNA sequence was ATTCCGCCGG What would the mRNA sequence be? • Did you say UAAGGCGGCC? • How about TTCCGCGCGCCGAA? • Did you say AAGGCGCGCGGCUU • Great!!!

17. Translation:is when proteins are made from the mRNA TrNA (Transfer RNA) is great at breaking codes. There is a specific code for every three letter nitrogenous base sequence These three letter sequences are called codons. Each codon tells which amino acid to add to the protein.

18. Three letter Codes are Codons.

19. For example…. • GUU signals a transfer rNA molecule to bring Valine a specific type of amino acid. • If the three letters were GCC the tRNA would bring Alanine and add it to the protein. • Just like building blocks make a wall • Different amino acids create a unique protein

20. If I gave you the RNA sequence of CGGGUAUUAUGUGAAUGA what series of Amino Acids would be created into a protein? Did you say Arginine,Valine,Leucine, Cytosine and Glutamine? YOU ROCK!!!!!

21. Lets try one more….. If I gave you the MrNA strand of CGUAGUAGAAGGGCGUGA what Amino Acids would you bring together? Arganine, Serine, Argenine, Argenine,Alanine FABULOSO!!!!!

22. Amino Acids connect to make proteins

23. Here is a great picture of the whole process….

24. To review, what does each do in the process and where does it hang out? First for DNA replication • DNA strand , Nitrogenous Bases, Sugar Phosphate backbone,Enzymes,DNA polymerase

25. Now for transcription and translation • DNA strand • Nuclear Membrane • RNA polymerase • MrNA • TrNA • Ribosome

26. Your Job……. • Create 2 comic strips: • 1 comic must illustrate how DNA is replicated to create new cells • It must include all major players involved • They must talk about their role in the process in your own words • They must be pictured in the location they do their job.

27. The other comic…. • Illustrates transcription and translation (How mRNA is created from DNA and used to create a unique protein) • This comic must represent each player involved…. • Each player must talk about their individual role in the process • Each player must be located in the environment they do their job. • Must be scientifically accurate

28. This will be due…. • Friday… • You will have the rest of today to work on this and Thursday if you are not going to the play with Merlino..