Chapter 16 “The Civil War Begins” 1861 – 1862

1. Chapter 16 “The Civil War Begins” 1861 – 1862 16.1 The War Erupts Pages 481 – 487

2. Key Ideas in 16.1 • When the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter, Lincoln calls for Union troops. • The border states (Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware) were of crucial importance and remained in the Union. • The South plans for a defensive strategy, while the North takes the offensive, blockading Southern ports.

3. First Shots at Fort Sumter • The Confederacy took over most federal forts within it’s borders after the seceded from the Union. • Lincoln told the Confederacy that he planned to restock Fort Sumter. • The Confederates decided to attack before the shipment arrived • Major Robert Anderson (U) was forced to surrender to the Confederates. • The battle at Fort Sumter marked the beginning of the Civil War on 4/12/1861 @ 4:30am

4. Lincoln Calls Out the Militia • Lincoln believes that the rebellion would be short lived. • He asked for 75,000 militiamen to serve for 90 days to put down the Confederates. • As more southern states seceded from the Union, northerners responded with additional enlistments. • Robert E. Lee, a talented (VA) military officers choose his birthplace over serving for the Union.

5. Choosing Sides in Yellow • After Virginia joined the Confederacy the other border states had to choose a side.  • Delaware, Maryland and Kentucky were free states and their location could influence the outcome of the war. :- o • If Maryland, seceded then Washington, D.C. would have been cut off from the Union.  • Pro-Union leaders gained control of the MD congress keeping Maryland in the Union.  • Kentucky had important rivers and could provide an water routeinvasion into the South.  • The Confederates invaded Kentucky which made them loyal to the Union.  • Missouri and Delaware stayed in the Union and a western portion of Virginia broke away from the Confederacy with the support of federal (U) troops.  This region became known as West Virginia.

6. Strengths and Weaknesses UNION = US CONFEDERACY= SOUTH General Robert E. Lee was a well respected & recruited by both the Union and the Confederacy. Defensive strategy – bring the fight to the South The planned to stretch out Union supply lines Home field advantage • More manufacturing and trade • Labor and resources • More people • Use of railroads, canals, and roads • Naval power • Leadership w/ President Lincoln

7. The Confederate Strategy • Defensive strategy – bring the fight to the South • President Jefferson Davis hoped the Union would give up. • Economic Strategy – “King Cotton” • The South withheld cotton from Britain and France. • Southerners believed that Britain and France would aid the Confederacy. • Europeans had saved cotton from the last harvest and refused remained neutral. • Over time the Confederacy moved to a more offensive attack to ruin Northern morale .

8. Union Strategy • Offensive Strategy – “Anaconda Plan” • Smother the South’s economy and squeeze them back into the Union • Set up a naval blockades. • Control the Mississippi River dividing the South into two. • This was a slow motion strategy that would take a lot of time. • Lincoln orders an invasion on Virginia in the summer of 1861.

9. Battle of Bull Run • The Union would have to conquer the city of Manassas, VA in order to get the Richmond. • The Battle took place on 07/21/1861. • The Union led by General Irwin McDowell • The Confederates were lead by General Pierre Beauregard. • The south charged the Union with their “rebel yell” and had fresh reinforcements. • The southerners were thrilled with their victory and Northerners realized that they had underestimated their opponent. • Lincoln asked for 500,000 troops to make a 3 year commitment to serve in the Union army.