The Reproductive System: Pregnancy

1. The Reproductive System: Pregnancy Allie Claus Barbara Casey Nick Crowley

2. What Is The Reproductive System? Function: produce offspring Puberty is the age at which the reproductive organs mature sufficiently to allow reproduction Reproductive organs of both male and female produce sex cells called gametes Combination if female gametes and male gametes is called fertilization

3. Male Reproductive System The purpose of the organs is to: • Produce, maintain, and transport sperm and protective fluid (semen) • To discharge sperm during sex • Produce and secrete male sex hormones

5. Female Reproductive System • Produces eggs, called ova, when fertilized called zygote • Transport ova to site of fertilization • Conception: combining of sperm and egg • If egg does not become fertilized it discharges, menstruation • Produces female sex hormones

7. Fertilization - Ovulation: the releasing of an egg from the ovary - Amounts of estrogen and progesterone are increased and uterus forms a blood-rich lining in the uterus - If one of the 250 sperm ejaculated penetrate an egg, egg will be fertilized - Journey a sperm takes: travels from the vagina, through the cervix, up into uterus to the fallopian tube and then penetrates egg - Next, outer membrane of egg hardens sono more sperm can penetrate it and sperm's nucleus merges with egg's as they combine genetic information - Fertilized egg travels to the uterus where it divides into 16 identical cells - Egg burrows into uterine lining - Baby is now a blastocyst

8. Fertilization - average of 250 million sperm ejaculated - about 400 make it to the egg - takes 12-24 hours to get to egg - takes about 20 minutes for sperm to penetrate egg - takes 30 hours for genetic information to combine - egg's trip from the fallopian tube to the uterus (after fertilization) takes about 3-4 days "Inside pregnancy: Fertilization" http://www.babycenter.com/2_video_10354435.bc

9. Implantation - Part of the blastocyst that will develop into the placenta begins to produce the pregnancy hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). - This hormone tells the ovaries to stop releasing eggs. - It also increases production of estrogen and progesterone to keep your uterus from shedding lining. - (you stop getting your period) - hCG turns a pregnancy test "positive" - Now possible to experience implantation spotting

10. First Trimester Last day of period to end of 13th week. • During your last period, your uterus is preparing for ovulation and your body is gearing up for pregnancy. • High Risk of miscarriage

11. Month 1 By the end of the first month... - baby is the size of a poppy seed - baby's organs begin to develop - the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid are present - the yolk sac is present - your pregnancy test will definitely come up as "positive" - you may make your first prenatal appointment - you may need to take prenatal vitamins because you need more folic acid when pregnant because it protects the unborn baby from developing defects of the nervous system

12. Month 2 By the end of the second month... - baby is the size of a grape - baby's teeth begin to form - baby's heart is separated into four chambers and the valves start forming - the sex organs are present - the placenta is developed and takes over to deliver nutrients from mom to baby and produces hormones - you may not have gained weight yet - your physical symptoms are in full-force - you have had your first prenatal appointment

13. At Your First Prenatal Appointment - you will discuss your health history and due date - you will get blood drawn and need to give a urine sample - your doctor will give you a physical exam

14. Month 3 By the end of the third month... - the baby is almost three inches long - if the baby is a girl, she already has over 2 million eggs in her ovaries - your symptoms subside - your breasts have started making colostrum

15. Second Trimester 14th - 28th week sometimes called the "golden trimester" • Your body has adjusted to pregnancy (you feel sick less frequently, your energy is returning) • There is a much lower chance of miscarriage at this point

16. Month 4 By the end of the fourth month... - baby is about 5 inches long - baby can flex its arms and legs - a baby girl has fully developed her ovaries and fallopian tubes - a baby boy's genitals are noticeable - you will experience an increase in appetite - your blood pressure will be low - your second trimester ultrasound may show the baby's gender

17. Month 5 By the end of the fifth month... - baby is about 1 pound - baby has distinct eyebrows, eyelids, and lips - baby is developing tiny hairs, wrinkles on the skin, and a padding of fat to fill in the wrinkles - you may have gained a significant amount of weight or hardly any at all - you may have some stretch marks

18. Month 6 By the end of the sixth month... - baby weighs almost 2 pounds - baby can open and close eyes and suck thumbs - baby's brain is highly active - your cramps are probably getting much worse - your leg muscles are probably sore and tired

19. Third Trimester Lasts from week 28 to birth • End of pregnancy is near • Time where the most fetal development takes place (more than doubles in size) • Many doctors appointments (every week in last month) • Braxton Hicks Contractions

20. Month 7 By the end of the seventh month... - baby is about 16 inches long - fat is accumulating under baby's skin - baby is very active - you may be experiencing random contractions - if you're having a boy you should start making decisions about whether or not you will have him circumcised

21. Month 8 By the end of the eighth month... - baby is about 18 inches long - most of the baby's physical development is complete - the next few weeks for the baby are focused on gaining weight - your doctor will do a vaginal and rectal culture - you should begin to create your birth plan

22. Month 9 By the end of the ninth month... - baby is about 20 inches long - you may have a biophysical profile and fetal heart rate monitoring - your doctor will check your cervix to check the position it is in/if it's ready for labor - you will be getting very anxious - baby is born

23. Preparing for Delivery Lightening: change in baby's position; uterus settles downward and forward and baby descends lower into the pelvis. Breech: baby takes a buttocks-first position Mucus Plug: fills and seals cervical canal during pregnancy; plug comes out along with mucus (bloody, pink, or clear) Labor begins shortly after release of plug, 24 hours Amniotic sac will break before or after labor has begun (often after labor begins)

24. Labor First stage: contractions What are contractions? • tightening and relaxing of uterine muscles Cervix: connects uterus to vagina • must dilate 10 cm to allow baby to pass through Early labor: cervix gradually thins out and dilates Active labor: cervix begins to dilate more rapidly, and contractions are longer, stronger, and closer together

25. Labor Second Stage: "pushing stage" • Begins when cervix is fully dilated and ends with the birth of the baby • Up to this point body has done all the work • Can last from 20 min to 2 hours • Contractions will last about 45 to 90 seconds • Strong natural urge to push Crowning: when babies head is visible; burning sensation; will be told not to push

26. Labor Third Stage: delivering the placenta • About 15 minutes after delivery, the uterus begins contracting again • Placenta detaches from uterine wall • Caregiver may ask that you push when he/she sees signs of separation • Not at all difficult or painful Placenta: An organ filled with blood vessels that nourishes the baby

27. Complications During Labor Umbilical Cord • Wrapped around baby's body • Prolapse: cord slips into the birth canal and is trapped between baby and canal • Cord supplies oxygen and if it cannot be returned to proper position, the baby needs to be surgically removed

28. Complications During Labor Asphyxia • Oxygen supply is cut off due to problems with placenta or umbilical cord • Can cause brain damage or death • Breathing problems may result if lungs contain fluid or waste materials • Chest massage, drugs, and respirators can be used to stimulate breathing

29. Complications During Labor Cephalopelvic disproportion • Baby's head is too large to pass through the mother's pelvic bones • Surgery is need Cesarean section: delivery method in which the mother's abdomen and uterus are surgically opened and baby is removed

30. Hormones Oxytocin Hormone of love Made in Hypothalamus, deep in the brain, posterior pituitary. Causes powerful rhythmic contractions at the end of labor; placental ejection reflex; milk ejection After birth: When breastfeeding it is released as baby sucks Keeps mother relaxed and well nourished

31. Hormones Endorphins Prevents mothers immune system from acting against the baby; genetic materials are foreign Helps laboring in women to transmute the pain and enter an altered state of consciousness Facilitates release of prolactin during labor which causes lactation; prepares baby's lungs for outside the womb

32. Hormones Fight-or-Flight Adrenaline and noradrenaline; collectively catecholamines (CA's) Secrete from adrenal gland above kidney During first stage of labor high levels of CA inhibit oxytocin, slowing down labor. CAs act to reduce blood flow to the uterus and placenta During the last stage of labor the CA levels increase and the mother experiences a sudden rush of energy causing several very strong contractions that will birth the baby quickly and easily.

33. Body Changes After Birth: Reproductive Organs Shrinking of Uterus: Should be at level of navel and firm.(if it is above navel and spongy feeling then you are at a greater risk of bleeding) It should decrease about 3/4 per day, approaching nonpregnant size in 4-6 weeks Lochia (Discharge): Should be dark red for 2 to 3 days, pinkish brown for 3 to 10 days, creamy/yellowish for 1 to 2 weeks more. (If clot is greater in size than a nickel, or unusual odor noted, or your bleeding gets heavier and darker, call your OB care provider)

34. Body Changes After Birth: Reproductive Organs Cervix: Closes slowly after birth Vagina: May be swollen and bruised Perineum: Area in front of anus, may appear to be swollen or bruised Recurrence of ovulation: You will ovulate and can get pregnant before your first period occurs; recurrence of period varies person to person.

35. Reproductive System Diseases: Female Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) • Female abdominal cavity is directly connected to the outside through the reproductive tract • Bacteria are able to enter the vaginal opening and travel through the uterus and uterine tubes that open into the abdominal cavity • This can cause inflammation of the Uterus, Fallopian tubes, and Abdominal cavity lining If left untreated it can result in infertility • Can be caused by many STDs such as Gonorrhea and Chlamydia

36. Diseases: PID Continued Symptoms: Lower abdominal pain and may result in Infertility due to chronic swelling of Fallopian tubes Treatment: • Antibiotics (Though they will stop infection and swelling, any damage already done is irreversible). • Prevention: SAFE SEX • Early treatment/ detection of STDs

37. Cervical Cancer • It is characterized as Abnormal Cell Growth on the Cervix • Caused by The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) • Can result in infertility for many women Symptoms: · Bleeding from the Vagina that is abnormal, or a change in your menstrual cycle that you cannot explain. · Bleeding/ Pain during sex. · Vaginal discharge tinged with blood.

38. Cervical Cancer (Contd.) Treatments include: • Chemotherapy • Radiation • Surgery- removal of pelvic lymph nodes, uterus (hysterectomy), and fallopian tubes Preventative Measures: • Safe Sex • Regular Pap smear tests

39. Diseases: Male •Inguinal Hernia Separation of tissue allowing part of the intestine to push into the abdominal wall near the top of the scrotum Cause: straining abdominal muscles or lifting heavy objects Symptoms: lump in the groin, groin pain, partial or complete intestinal blockage Typically surgery is needed to repair the opening

40. Diseases: Male Sterility –Inability to reproduce Results from •Too few sperm (<20 million per milliliter of seminal fluid) •Poor sperm quality Causes •disease (chlamydia and gonorrhea) •Hormonal imbalance •Environmental hazards •Steroids •Genetics •Lifestyle

41. Reproductive System Problems: Male Testicular Cancer Most common in males ages of 14-40 Factors increasing risk • Undescended testicle, abnormal testicular development, family history of testicular cancer Prevention • Monthly self-exam • if you notice any warning signs seek health care (Unusual lump, swelling, discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum)

42. Reproductive System Problems: Male Problems of the Prostate The prostate is a small, walnut-sized structure that makes up part of a man's reproductive system. Enlarged prostate •Prostate presses against the urethra causing frequent urination Prostate cancer •For men over 50, screening is usually performed during regular medical checkups.

43. Video: How men react to labor pain

44. Work Cited http://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/cervical-cancer-topic-overview http://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid.htm http://www.dmu.edu/medterms/female-reproductive-system/female-reproductive-system-diseases/ http://www.bringingupbaby.com/Birth/birth_C3b.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prematurebabies.html http://dictionary.reference.com/ http://www.webmd.com/baby/labor-signs http://www.bellybelly.com.au/birth/ecstatic-birth-natures-hormonal-blueprint-for-labor http://www.babycenter.com/ http://www.babycenter.com/stages-of-labor?page=5 http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system http://www.iteachbio.com/Anatomy-Physiology/Reproductive%20System/malereproductiveorgans.jpg http://www.iteachbio.com/Anatomy-Physiology/anat-phys.html http://www.innerbody.com/image/repfov.html http://www.childbirthconnection.org/article.asp?ck=10184