Lab 4-- Identification: Petromyzontiformes to Osteoglossiformes

1. Lab 4-- Identification:Petromyzontiformes to Osteoglossiformes Chestnut lamprey (Icthyomyzon castaneus) Mooneye (Hiodon tergisus)

2. Latimeria Bowfin Lungfish Hagfishes Lampreys Sharks Rays Bichir Sturgeons Gars Teleosts Chimaeras Cenezoic 425 Cretaceous 135 Jurassic 180 Triassic 230 Permian 280 Carboniferous 345 Devonian 400 Silurian 425 Ordivician 500 Cambrian 570 Wisconsin Fishes

3. Bad River Menominee River St. Croix River Chippewa River Wisconsin River Wolf River Fox River Black River Lake Winnebago Wisconsin River Mississippi River Rock River

4. Petromyzontiformes - Petromyzontidae • 41 species worldwide, 6 species found in Wisconsin • Sometimes parasitic • The sea lamprey contributed to the collapse of the Great Lakes lake trout fishery

5. Petromyzontiformes - Petromyzontidae Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus American brook lamprey Lampetra appendix Chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus

6. WI DNR & Wisconsin Aquatic Gap Mapping Application http://web2.er.usgs.gov/wdnrfish/ American brook lamprey Sea lamprey Chestnut lamprey

7. Acipenseriformes - Acipenseridae • 23 species worldwide, 2 found in Wisconsin • Most species are endangered • Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) • Feed on benthic invertebrates • Sought after gamefish White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) don’t have to know

8. Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus

9. WI DNR & Wisconsin Aquatic Gap Mapping Application http://web2.er.usgs.gov/wdnrfish/ Lake sturgeon Shovelnose sturgeon

10. Acipenseriformes - Polyodontidae • 2 species worldwide • “A living plankton net” • Are listed as Threatened • Found only in Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)

11. WI DNR & Wisconsin Aquatic Gap Mapping Application http://web2.er.usgs.gov/wdnrfish/ Paddlefish

12. Lepisosteiformes - Lepisosteidae • Only 7 species worldwide, 2 found in Wisconsin • Piscivorous Longnose gar (Lepistosteus osseus) Shortnose gar (Lepistosteus platostomus)

13. WI DNR & Wisconsin Aquatic Gap Mapping Application http://web2.er.usgs.gov/wdnrfish/ Longnose gar Shortnose gar

14. Amiiformes - Amiidae • Only 1 extant species (Amia calva) • Cycloid scales • Voracious predators • Fairly widespread Bowfin (Amia calva)

15. WI DNR & Wisconsin Aquatic Gap Mapping Application http://web2.er.usgs.gov/wdnrfish/ Bowfin

16. Clupeiformes - Clupeidae • 330 species worldwide, 3 found in Wisconsin • Most are marine Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)

17. WI DNR & Wisconsin Aquatic Gap Mapping Application http://web2.er.usgs.gov/wdnrfish/ Alewife Gizzard shad

18. Anguilliformes - Anguillidae • Approximately 622 species, mostly marine • Only 1 species in Wisconsin (Anguilla rostrata) American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)

20. WI DNR & Wisconsin Aquatic Gap Mapping Application http://web2.er.usgs.gov/wdnrfish/ American eel

21. Osteoglossiformes - Hiodontidae • Only representatives of Osteoglossiformes in Wisconsin Mooneye (Hiodon tergisus)

22. WI DNR & Wisconsin Aquatic Gap Mapping Application http://web2.er.usgs.gov/wdnrfish/ Mooneye

23. Geographic Distributions • Mississippi River supports all the native primitive fishes • Most primitive fishes are primarily found in large bodies of water…why?

24. Why in the $#%* do we have to do all this writing in our fishes course? • Get lots of instruction on writing…not as much on scientific writing, what is the difference? • Importance of being able to express your thoughts, regardless of what career you choose • Research techniques are universal • If you go on in science, it is the only currency that matters?.......what do I mean by that?

25. Peer Review…? • Criticism is important…”constructive criticism” is best! • Two types: Internal and External. Point of internal review is to make external review go well • When you are reviewing someone else’s work think how you would want to be reviewed…..You want to do the best job you can…but you don’t want to be yelled at to do it! • You are going to do this for each other

26. The paper process… • Observation or idea • It looks like every time we catch white suckers, we are sampling in a deeper portion of the stream…? • I wonder if the biomass of non-trout species is related to the biomass of trout species? • Develop Hypothesis • It looks like every time we catch white suckers, we are sampling in a deeper portion of the stream…? • I wonder if the biomass of non-trout species is related to the biomass of trout species? • Hit the literature • What does everyone else have to say about this?

27. Where do you find information… • Web, Google and Google Scholar • Online Databases • Biological Abstracts • ISI Web of Science

28. Hypothesis Testing An educated guess or prediction about an experiment, behavior, outcome, relationship etc. Statistical Terms The null hypothesis (H0) fish growth 1 = fish growth 2 The alternative hypothesis (H1) fish growth 1  fish growth 2

29. Structure of a scientific paper • Title • Abstract • Introduction • Methods – study site, data analyses • Results – graphs, tables analyses • Discussion • Literature Cited

30. Order you write a scientific paper • Results – start with a picture, tell your story • Discussion – what’s cool about your story, also relative to what other people found • Methods – what did you do to get your results • Introduction – background on what you found • Abstract – just the highlights • Title – make it work for your story • Literature Cited

31. Style • Use active voice • We calculated fish condition (active) • Fish condition was calculated (passive) • OK to write in the first person tense • I hypothesized that water temperature would affect fish activity. • We measured fish abundance in a 50 m reach.

32. Citing References Jaw opening velocity and depression of the lower jaw both decrease* when largemouth bass are* fed to satiation (Sass and Motta, 2002). According to Roth and Kitchell (2002), selective predation by fishes is* not the sole mechanism leading to the extirpation of native orconectid crayfishes in northern Wisconsin lakes. *Note: When referencing prior work, all verbs should be in the present tense because you are quoting established knowledge

33. More writing techniques