Download
1 / 69
690 likes | 699 Views
Chapters 28 and 29 – The Time Between the Wars. 1919-1939. Lesson 28:1 – Instability After World War I. After Versailles , there were many problems that made a future conflict more likely: Ineffective League of Nations (without U.S. participation)
E N D
After Versailles, there were many problems that made a future conflict more likely: Ineffective League of Nations (without U.S. participation) Allied insistence on German payment of reparations Inflation in Germany made the Deutschmark worthless (the Dawes Plan tried to remedy the situation)
Treaty of Locarno (1925) – secured borders between Germany and France and Belgium Kellogg-Briand Act (1928) – 65 countries signed an agreement to not use war as a tool of national policy but it was powerless to enforce anything The signing of the Kellogg-Briand Act
Causes of the global Great Depression: Individual countries began to suffer – particularly hard hit was agriculture and coal. The U.S. stock market crash. Different countries had different responsesto the economic downturn.
Response to the Depression – World Wide Tariffs were raised throughout the world. Desperate people seeking disparate answers, from socialism to totalitarianism. Threats to democratic governments.
Response to the Depression – Germany The Weimar Republic ruled Germany after World War I. It experienced runaway inflation in the early 1920s and the country fell into an economic depression. Growth of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.
Response to the Depression – France France was hit by the Depression in the early 1930s. High government turnover led to a liberal coalition government – the Popular Front. Sought to help workers with a French New Deal – collective bargaining and 40-hour work week.
Response to the Depression – United Kingdom Britain, compared to other countries, used conservative politics to bring it out of the Depression. Largely ignored John Maynard Keynes and his idea of deficit spending that was popular in the U.S.. Used balance budgets and protective tariffs.
Response to the Depression – United States Franklin Roosevelt introduced his New Deal after his 1932 election. Introduced many programs that reformed the old ways of doing things and put millions of people to work. Programs still around today include Social Security and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. New Deal helped but World War II would take the U.S. fully out of the Depression.
Though many agricultural eastern European countries tried democracy, only Czechoslovakia remained a democratic system with a liberal tradition, good economy and a large middle class. Agricultural landlords were too powerful in most countries.
Surrealism was a new form of art to emerge after World War One. Spanish painter Salvador Dali was a major figure in the movement. I don’t do drugs. I am drugs. – Salvador Dali
Sleep 1937
Albert Einstein was considered one of the big “rock stars” of science in the meso-war period of the 1920s and 1930s. Werner Heisenberg suggested that science has limits to what one can understand and define. Uncertainty principle – suggested that all theories and understanding of atoms are based on uncertainty.
The Young Turks was a reform group who pressured the sultan to accept a new constitution but they lacked popular support. This Young Turk banner, in both Turkish and Greek, reads “Long Live the Fatherland! Long Live the Nation! Long Live Freedom!” Sultan Abdulhamid II crushed reform attempts in establishing authoritarian rule.
T.E. Lawrence was a British officer who, because of his skills in Arabic and knowledge of the region and its history, was used to lead an Arab revolt against the Ottomans. Lawrence’s amazing feat was bringing together various Arab tribes that were largely suspicious of one another. Faisal I was one of several Arab leaders with whom the British worked to establish an Arab state – first by weakening the Ottoman Empire and then reshaping the Middle East.
…the Armenian massacre was the greatest crime of the war (World War I), and the failure to act against Turkey is to condone it…the failure to deal radically with the Turkish horror means that all talk of guaranteeing the future peace of the world is mischievous nonsense. Theodore Roosevelt, 1918
She saw vultures hovering over children who had fallen dead by the roadside. She saw beings crawling along, maimed, starving and begging for bread….She passed soldiers driving before them…whole families, men, women and children, shrieking, pleading, wailing…setting out for exile into the desert from which there was no return. Anita Engle Fearing the Christian Armenians were helping the Allies and wanting to get rid of their independence question, the Turks set about killing as many Armenians as possible. By the end of the war, the Armenian Genocide claimed more than a million and a half.
It was a war hero named Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) who would create a new nation. Atatürk created the Republic of Turkey, driving out the Greeks and the sultans. He is responsible for seismic changes in the country: Democratic institutions (still authoritarian) Elimination of Arabic influences Secular and public education Economic advancements, modernization Created a secular state – eliminated Islam’s hold on politics Right of conversion Increased rights for women Religion is like a heavy blanket that keeps the people of Turkey asleep. Atatürk
Like Atatürk, Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran attempted to drag his country into the 20th-century. He attempted many of the same reforms though he did not take on Islam like Atatürk did. He sought to modernize the economy and military, as well as a western-style education system. His favoring the Nazis during World War II would eventually lead to his downfall and the rise of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
After the war, Arab nationalism resulted in an independent Saudi Arabia – ruled by ibn Saud. The discovery of oil turned this desert country into one of the world’s richest. The rest of the region was mandated by the Allies. Britain – Iraq, Transjordan and Palestine France – Syria and Lebanon Palestine was the most contested of the regions: Zionists sought settlements in Palestine. Balfour Declaration (1917) was Britain recognizing a need for a Jewish homeland. Tensions increased between Arabs and Jews over the land.
After the war, some African activists sought a role in colonial governments – others sought complete independence. European education and religious training had taught Africans about freedom and liberty. Some fought in the war and wondered why they were not good enough to rule. Europeans were reluctant to liberate their colonies.
In Kenya, first the Kikuyu Association and then the more radical Young Kikuyu Association was formed to protest British colonial policy. Henry Thuku (left) was the leader of the latter group and was eventually exiled from the country.
Omar Mukhtar – Libya Jomo Kenyatta – Kenya NnamdiAzikiwe – Nigeria Leopold Senghor – Senegal
Non-violence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man. Mohandas Gandhi
Mohandas Gandhi, as part of the Indian National Congress, pushed for independence with civil disobedience. Government of India Act (1935) – Indians become full part of its own legislature Gandhi encouraged people to passively protest – don’t pay taxes or make your own clothes. Salt March – to protest British control of salt, Gandhi led a march to the sea to collect salt (they were arrested). Gandhi was the spiritual voice of the independence movement – he was traditional and non-Western.
Jawaharlal Nehru was a close friend of Gandhi (as well as fellow nationalist) but the exact opposite – secular, pro-West and modern in his world view. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, also an Indian nationalist, led the Muslim League and in the end, fought for an independent Muslim state.
The Meiji Restoration brought Western ideals and practices into Japan. Zaibatsu – large corporations that controlled the economy and caused problems for the average workers. Large population growth and global depression put pressures on the new Meiji ideals. A growing number demanded a return to traditional values, rejecting cooperation with the West and demanding Asian dominance. Rituals at a Shinto shrine
During the 1920s, as part of a pushback against Westernization, a more militant nationalism emerged. By the early 1930s, the Japanese military, with popular support, began expanding. Military leaders like Hideki Tojoalso began taking roles within the government.
Throughout the 1920s, the Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalists) and Communists worked together to kick out all outside powers (with help from the Soviet Union). In the mid-1920s, the Nationalists leadership changed with the death of Sun Yat-sen – the new leader was Chiang Kai-shek. He attacked the communists in Shanghai and set up his own government in Nanjing. The Japanese are like a disease of the skin but the Communists are like a disease of the heart. Chiang Kai-shek
The Communists, under Mao Zedong, used guerrilla tactics in their fight against the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek.
Kai-shek surrounded the communists in the south to starve them out. Mao and 90,000 communists made a run for it. The Long March (1934) – a 6,000 trek (roughly 24 miles a day) that took nearly a year to complete. Of those that began the trek, only 9,000 survived. Aftermath – Mao was the undisputed communist leader and his group had hope.
As the days went by, there was less and less to eat. After our grain was finished, we ate the horses and then we lived on wild vegetables. When even the wild vegetables were finished, we ate our leather belts. After that we had to march on empty stomachs. Survivor of the Long March
The New China Chiang Kai-shek, while maintaining dictatorial power, promised the Chinese people China was close to a democracy. The support for the Kuomintang was divided by class with large urban support by a westernized middle class. This was offset by 80% of China’s population – the peasants – and the westernized elite who did not trust the middle class values. Nanjing – 1930
Chiang Kai-shek, with his wife Soong Mei-ling, introduced the New Life Movement – a reassertion of Confucian ideals through four major traits: Courtesy Duty Honesty Honor Kai-shek, however, faced overwhelming problems: Degradation of Confucian ideals Lack of support in the countryside Growing communist threat Threat of Japanese invasion
Chiang Kai-shek did have some success: Road-building project Railroad expansion New factories and industry However, he also had problems: Restrain on free expression Disparity of wealth Lack of economic/industrial growth Pressure from without
Early 1900s, Latin America is an export-based economy with examples being: beef and wheat nitrates and copper coffee and cotton sugar bananas Argentina Chile Brazil Caribbean islands Central America
Impact of Great Depression on Latin America Bad Export economies in Latin America collapsed Rise of authoritarian governments Good Forced countries to develop their own industries
Rise of Authoritarianism – Argentina An oligarchy ruled Argentina throughout the latter 1800s until a Radical Party was formed to challenge their authority. HipólitoIrigoyenwon the presidency in 1916 but soon depended upon the old power structure to stay in power – landowners and the military. Each group was concerned with the working class and their demands for more rights. He was eventually overthrown during World War II. Hipólito Irigoyen (1916-22; 1928-30)
Rise of Authoritarianism – Brazil Brazil was another oligarchy after the abolishment of the Portuguese monarchy in the late 1800s. Coffee plantation owners, the powerful and prosperous crop, controlled the country – it was devastated by the Depression. Getúlio Vargas was a wealthy landowner who first appealed to the working class but as opposition grew, he made himself a dictator. His policies helped the coffee owners but not the people. The military later kicked him out of power in 1945. Getúlio Vargas (1930-45; 1951-4)
Rise of Authoritarianism – Mexico Mexico was not quite the dictatorship of Argentina or Brazil but it was not exactly a democracy either. LázaroCárdenas was elected in 1934 to fulfill the dreams of the revolution – land redistribution. He stood up to foreign powers, like the U.S., over Mexico’s natural resources – in particularly, oil, taking their land and creating a Mexican-controlled company – PEMEX (PetróleosMexicanos). Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-40)
Diego Rivera Diego Rivera’s paintings (both traditional paintings and murals) garnered him international fame. He focused on the nobility of the lower classes in Mexico and the history of the country, with a focus on Native American history. He was married to famed Mexican painter, Frida Kahlo. Both of them were interested in Marxism and hosted Leon Trotsky in their home outside Mexico City.
The Threshing Floor 1904
