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Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders. Major Depressive Disorder. The “common cold” of psychological disorders – universal Occurs when five signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or another medical condition Lethargy Feelings of worthlessness

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Mood Disorders

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  1. Mood Disorders

  2. Major Depressive Disorder • The “common cold” of psychological disorders – universal • Occurs when five signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or another medical condition • Lethargy • Feelings of worthlessness • Loss of interest in family, friends, activities • Stressful events often precede depression • Can have physical symptoms • Dysthymia: symptoms are less severe but last longer (2 years) • More common in women than men • Most major depressive episodes end • Therapy tends to speed up recovery, although those without therapy still often recover • 50% of those who recover will have another episode within 2 years

  3. How Common Is It? • At some point in their life, 13% of U.S. adults will be plagued with depression • In any given year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women (worldwide) have depression • Number one reason why people seek mental health services • Is striking earlier and earlier and affecting more people • Today’s young adults are 3 times more likely than their grandparents to report depression • Maybe they are more willing to disclose it?

  4. Bipolar Disorder (formally known as Manic-Depressive) • Person alternates between depression and mania (each lasting a few days to a few months) • Mania: hyperactive, wildly optimistic states • Normal states may fall in between periods of depression and mania • Between 1994-2003, 4000% increase in diagnoses of bipolar disorder in those 19 and under (20,000 – 800,000 cases!) • Manic phase • Over-talkative, overactive, little need for sleep • Speech can be loud, flighty, hard to interpret • May have inflated self-esteem • Occurs equally between men and women • Architects, designers, journalists suffer bipolar disorder less often than composers, artists, poets, novelists, entertainers • Former relies on precision and logic • Mark Twain, Walt Whitman, Ernest Hemingway, Handel – all had bipolar disorder

  5. Causes of Mood Disorders: Biological Perspective • Genetics • Risk of depression increases if you have a parent or sibling with depression • Heritability = 35-40% • Many genes probably work together to interact with other factors to create depression • Diathesis-stress approach • Brain • Less brain activity during depressive states and more during mania states • Left frontal lobe (active in positive emotions) is inactive during depressive states • Biochemistry • Reduction in norepinephrine(increases arousal and boosts mood) and serotonin is found in patients with depression • Nicotine (temporarily) increases norepinephrine, so many attempt to self medicate • Drugs that relieve depression increase these neurotransmitters

  6. Depressed Brain

  7. Causes of Mood Disorders: Social-Cognitive Approach • Explore the role of thinking and acting in depression • Depressed people often hold self-defeating beliefs and have a negative explanatory style • Explanatory style = who is to blame for failures? • Those who are depressed tend to explain bad events in terms that are stable (never ending), global (it’s going to affect everything), and internal (it’s all my fault) • Are these things the result or the cause of depression? • Don’t know!

  8. Cycle of Depression • Negative stressful events • Pessimistic explanatory style • Hopeless depressed state. • These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection

  9. Biopsychosocial Approach

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