English Colonization

English Colonization
Chapter 2, section 2

1. England takes interest in America 2. Jamestown was England’s first permanent settlement in North America. 3. however, English explorers had been in North America for centuries.

2. John Cabot 3. Italian explorer funded by King Henry VII 3. May 1497- headed across the Atlantic 3. Discovered Newfoundland.

2. No English Exploration 3. GB did not try to colonize AM for the next 80 years for 4 reasons 4. Little $ in the GB gov’t 5. Cabot didn’t find any gold and silver 4. No reason to migrate to AM 4. SP had already claimed AM and it had been upheld by the pope. 4. 1497 GB and SP were allies against the FR

Why Start Exploring? 1. Mercantilism Beliefs 1. Worlds wealth was finite One person or nation could get rich at the expense of another. 2. Nation’s economy depended on selling as much as possible to foreign lands and buying as little as possible from them. This was popular in the 16th and 17th century and led to increased competition. Exploration would bring new markets and new products 2. Wool production Landowners crop fields were being converted to pastures for sheep. Meant lost land for farmers and increased wool business. Farmers were out of a job. Thought the new world would bring new land

3. Population boom in ENG More people than food Thought the colonies would alleviate poverty and unemployment because it would lower the population. 4. Cut out the middle man GB could produce things for themselves instead of buying from another country. 5. Religion

5 Reasons for ENG colonization/exploration 1. New Land 2. Mercantilism- more markets and goods 3. Alleviate population boom 4. Independent production 5. Religion

2. Reformation divides Europe 3. 1517 Reformation begins 4. Martin Luther’s 99 theses 4. John Calvin began to spread the Reformation ideas in his native Switzerland 5. congregations should choose their own ministers 5. kings should not control the church. 5. Predestination 3. Reformation in GB 4. 1527 King Henry VII asked to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. 5. C was the king of SP aunt and pope didn’t want to grant the annulment. 4. Henry broke with the RCC and formed the Anglican Church. 5. Henry agreed with RCC so the AC was very much like the RCC.

2. Puritans 3. Many in GB wanted to “PURIFY” the AC of all RCC elements. 3. They became known as PURITANS 4. believed 5. supreme authority of the Bible. Objected rituals of the RCC Congregation should elect its own ministers No King control

2. King James I 3. became king in 1603 4. Protestant yet refused to yield to any changes in the Anglican church. 4. Angered the Puritans and they were willing to leave GB.

2. Walter Raleigh 3. age 31, 3. Patron was Elizabeth I to discover the Atlantic coastline of NA 3. discovered Roanoke, Carolinas, Virginia 3. Named Virginia after “Virgin Queen”

2. Roanoke 3. 1585, Raleigh recruited his cousin, Sir Richard Grenville to colonize Roanoke. 4. 100 Men 4. pd North Carolina outer banks. 4. They returned to GB after the winter 3. 1587, Raleigh tried again. He sent John White to Roanoke 4. sent 91 men, 17 women, and 9 children 2 pregnant women One was White’s daughter Gave birth to first American born to GB parents Virginia Dare 4. Roanoke was swampy, and the Indians were not welcoming. 4. supply ships could not get through.

4. 1 month later the governor, John White, went back to GB for supplies. 5. He did not return until 1590. 5. He found nothing! 6. CRO on a tree 7. possibly the Croatoan 8. Indian name for a nearby island

1. Colonies Begin 2. Early 1600’s- London Company tried to re-colonize Virginia. 2. Rival Plymouth Company was also interested in colonizing voyages further North. 2. 1606 James I issued charter that divided North America between the 2 groups. 3. London got South 3. Plymouth got North 4. 1st English colonies were established

Eng Settlement Characteristics 1. Business Enterprises Must bring a profit to the corporate sponsors 2. Only tied indirectly to the crown so they began to develop their own political and social systems immediately. 3. Few efforts to blend EUR and NA EUR isolated themselves Didn’t make use of the NA knowledge 4. NOTHING worked out according to plan.

1. Jamestown 2. After James I order in 1606, London Co. launched an expedition to VA. December 19, 1606 Led by Captain John Smith 3. 144 men on 3 ships 4. Godspeed 4. Discovery 4. Susan Constant 3. Only 104 survived 3. They reached NA on 5/24/1607 4. Established a colony they named Jamestown

3. They chose an inland setting for 1 reason 1. Security from natives 3. Why was this a bad choice? 1. low, swampy Malaria 2. Thick woods Hard to cultivate Bordered powerful Natives

2. For 17 years, every effort to make Jamestown successful, FAILED. 3. Why failures were common 1. new infections Malaria 2. too much emphasis on making money not growing food 3. no feeling of community Few women in Jamestown=> few families

2. John Smith 3. 1608, GB sent more men and supplies 4. all but 38 of the 1st 104 colonists were dead. 3. John Smith was 27, he took control of Jamestown and imposed work and order. "He who does not work, will not eat." 4. organized raids on neighboring Indian villages to steal food and natives.

In December 1607, Indian deer hunters ambushed Smith and some companions. After killing the other Englishmen, the Indians carried Smith back to their powerful chief, Powhatan, to decide his fate. Powhatan was apparently greatly impressed by Smith's self-confidence. He was also fascinated by the mystical instruments which Smith carried with him, such as an ivory and glass pocket compass. Smith was questioned about his colony and then made to take part in some sort of ritual or trial, after which, in keeping with an Indian custom, he was made a subordinate chief in the tribe. Powhatan's 11 year old daughter took part in the ceremony in some way. Smith was constantly unsure of his fate, and he was convinced afterward that Pocahontas had saved his life. Smith was released in friendship after about four weeks of captivity and returned to Jamestown, guided by Indians.

1. VA expanding 2. in 1609 Virginia Company (former London Company) sent Lord De La Warr to be the governor of the now bigger VA colony. 3. VA prospered and expanded. 3. Discovered a cash crop – TOBACCO 4. Knew about tobacco from the Columbus days. 5. They saw natives smoking small cigars (tabacos) which were inserted into their nose. 3. 1612, Jamestown farmer John Rolfe began cultivating the crop in VA. 4. led to a need to expand and new laborers

2. Headrights 3. tobacco => need for labor 3. to entice new workers, VA Co. established the HEADRIGHT system “Headright”= 50 acres 3. Those in VA already got 2 “Headrights” 3. New settlers got 1 3. Anyone who paid for immigrants to come to VA received 1 for each immigrant they brought. 3. Results 4. encouraged families to immigrate 4. built plantations Large plots of land owned by 1 family

3. Women 4. In 1619, 100 women arrived to become the wives of the males in VA. 3. Government 4. Jamestown, July 30, 1619 delegates from various VA communities met in a Jamestown church as the HOUSE OF BURGESSES. 5. 1st meeting of an elected legislature in the PD US Its first order of business was to set a minimum price for the sale of tobacco.

3. SLAVES 4. “Latter end of August” John Rolfe recorded a Dutch ship bringing “20 and odd Negroes” 3. INDIANS 4. 1620’s unrelenting assaults on the Powhatan Indians. 4. March 1622, Powhatan Indians pretended to call on the settlers suddenly attacked. 5. 347whites were killed and the Indians retreated. 6. 20 years later the Powhatan were defeated

3. VA company in ruins 4. poured all $$ into Jamestown 4. Indian attacks cost $$ 4. 1624, James I revoked their charter and put VA under GB Control. 3. Outcome of VA 4. in VA 1st 17 years more than 8500 settlers arrived in VA, 80% died!

1. Maryland 2. George Calvert (1st Lord Baltimore) wanted to create a retreat for Catholics. 2. He died while negotiating, but his son Cecilius (2nd Lord Baltimore) received the charter for Maryland territory in 1632.

2. March 1634, 2 ships embark for Maryland 3. Ark 3. Dove 4. carrying 2nd Lord Baltimore 3. 200-300 colonists set sail

2. 1st Marylanders 3. Calvert encouraged both Catholics and Protestants to come to Maryland 3. 2nd Lord Baltimore realized that Catholics would be the minority so he issued the 1649 “ Act concerning Religion” 4. ensured freedom of worship for ALL Christians

2. Government 3. MD was a propriety colony 4. privately owned by Calvert 4. could act like “king” 5. appoint officials, coin money, impose taxes, and create towns.

Separatists- group of Puritans that broke away from the AC and formed their own congregations. most radical Puritans wanted to worship as they pleased in their own independent congregations, even though GB laws required GB to attend AC services.

Separatist Beliefs Did not recognize the “established” church. Leaders in their church had NO standing outside of the congregation No government interference in their church

History were persecuted harshly under Bloody Mary in the 1550’s thrown into jail under Elizabeth I 1560’s were not allowed food or clothes while in prison Violated King James I Separatist leaders were thrown in jail

Scrooby After suffering in GB, 1 group (Hamlet of Scrooby) fled illegally and quietly to Leyden, Holland. Became known as the PILGRIMS On a religious pilgrimage

Why America? they were working low end, low paying jobs, children were losing their English heritage 1617 decided to leave Holland for America 1620 they obtained a charter from the VA Co. to settle in VA. 9/1620 set sail on the Mayflower

Sighting of land After 65 days…November 19, 1620, they sight Cape Cod November 21 anchored in an area North of Cape Code Named Plymouth by John Smith from an earlier map. Rules Plymouth was outside of VA co. territory so they were not bound to their rules. Mayflower Compact “Saints” drew up the Mayflower Compact Established government for themselves

Mayflower Compact 1620

12/21/1620 stepped in Plymouth, MA The first few months were grueling for the Pilgrims. Half of their 102 members perished: "of the 17 male heads of families, ten died during the first infection“ Of the 17 wives, only three were left after three months.

Thanksgiving and the Native Americans Plymouth survived the deaths and hardships thanks to Squanto, a Native American. Native Americans showed the Pilgrims the value of corn corn was easier to cultivate than grains stalks could be used as sugar spoiled less easily than other grains. Native Americans showed Pilgrims value of beans beans growing alongside corn would enrich soil. Native American techniques canoes easy to navigate down rivers and streams

Thanksgiving with the Native Americans Squanto helped the Pilgrims negotiate a peace treaty with the Wampanoag people who lived nearby. After the 1st harvest, Pilgrims invited the Wampanoag to join them in a 3 day festival to celebrate the harvest and thank God for their good fortune. The original Thanksgiving.

William Bradford is chosen governor and was very successful. Plymouth made its money off of fish and furs

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Massachusetts Bay Colony More Puritans were lured to the new world James I was becoming more harsh towards Puritans James I dies in 1653 and his son Charles I takes the throne Jailed Puritans Dissolved Parliament Puritan Merchant groups organize new colonial adventure to America. Received land grant to establish MA BAY COL. Charles I unaware of intentions Land is present day areas of MA and NH Want to create a refuge for Puritans

John Winthrop Elected Governor 4. Had the charter so he answered to NO ONE!

1630 11 ships 900 people largest single migration in the 17th century. Landed at the Port of Boston made this their capital

Massachusetts Bay colony Puritans Serious Goal to lead useful lives of thrift and hard work Honored material success as evidence of God’s favor.

“City on a hill” Winthrop believed he was forming a holy commonwealth or nation wanted the “corrupt” world to see and copy "....we must consider that we shall be as a City on a hill (and that) the eyes of all people are upon us.."

Characteristics of Massachusetts Bay Colony Theocracy Church indistinguishable from the state Seeing a clear separation from the church and state is not there. Family oriented sense of community sense of order population seemed infinite

1st winter (1629- 1630) 200 died and others fled

NEW ENGLAND People began to leave MB colony for 2 main reasons searching for Productive soil Massachusetts Bay was stony Church dominated Massachusetts Bay colony

Connecticut CT river began to draw people away from the MB colony in the early 1630s fertile soil away from Massachusetts Bay

1635-Thomas Hooker 4. led his congregation and founded Hartford Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 4. Hartford and other towns nearby established their own colonial government and a constitution. 5. gov’t like the MB colony gov’t 5. allowed more men to vote and hold office 6. women were banned almost everywhere from voting.

2. Rhode Island 3. Roger Williams 4. Separatist 4. lived in Salem, MA 4. controversial, young minister 4. Beliefs 5. said MA should completely abandon the AC 5. Pro- Natives 6. land they were living on belonged to the NA not the King 4. Escaped MB before he was to be deported.

3. 1635-1636 est. town in Providence 3. 1644 4. Williams got the charter to establish a government in Rhode Island 5. similar to MB 5. NO ties to the church. 6. ALL faiths could worship without interference.

2. Anne Hutchinson 3. Puritan distraught with MB 3. held prayer meetings in her home 3. believed she knew which ministers had salvation from God and which didn’t 3. Thought women should have bigger roles in Puritan society 3. 1638- banished from MB

2. New Hampshire 3. 1639- followers of Anne Hutchinson established a town in Exeter, NH 3. John Wheelwright 4. Brother in law of Anne Hutchinson 3. Other Hutchinson followers established the town of Portsmouth.

2. New Hampshire and Maine 3. 2 British Proprietors claimed ownership of North of Massachusetts NH and ME 4. Sir Fernando Gorges 5. took northern part and called his territory Maine 4. Captain John Mason 5. took the southern part and named it New Hampshire 3. MA claimed both as their territory. 4. NH became a royal colony 4. ME remained part of MA until 1820

English Colonization