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Viewing the Digital Image

Viewing the Digital Image. Bushong Ch. 29 & Carter Ch. 2 & 8. Hard Copy vs Soft Copy. Photometry. The science of the response of the human eye to light The basic unit of photometry is the lumen (lm) . . Illuminance. describes the intensity of light incident on a surface

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Viewing the Digital Image

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  1. Viewing the Digital Image Bushong Ch. 29 & Carter Ch. 2 & 8

  2. Hard Copy vs Soft Copy

  3. Photometry • The science of the response of the human eye to light • The basic unit of photometry is the lumen (lm).

  4. Illuminance • describes the intensity of light incident on a surface • Luminance intensity is a property of the source of light, such as a viewbox or a digital display device

  5. Monitors • Cathode ray tube (CRT) • Liquid crystal display (LCD) • Plasma screen

  6. Soft copy viewingdigital cathode ray tube (CRT)

  7. active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD)

  8. Active matrix liquid crystal displays are superior to cathode ray tube displays. • LCD design – gives out more light, reduces ambient light • Better contrast resolution • Less noise • Less maintenance

  9. Plasma Display • The plasma displays are made up of many small fluorescent lights that are illuminated to form the color of the image.

  10. Pixel • A pixel is an individual controllable set of dot triads. A dot triad is a grouping of one red dot, one green dot, and one blue dot. The number of pixels on a display is known as its resolution.

  11. Resolution • The more pixels in an image, the higher the resolution of the image and the more information that can be displayed.

  12. Pixels are arranged in a matrix

  13. Dot pitch • Dot pitch is the measurement of how close the dots are located to one another within a pixel

  14. Spatial Resolution • improves with the use of higher-megapixel digital display devices • A 1-megapixel display will have a 1000×1000-pixel arrangement. A high-resolution monitor will have a 5-megapixel display, or a 2000×2500-pixel arrangement

  15. Refresh rate • The refresh rate is the measure of how fast the monitor rewrites the screen or the number of times that the image is redrawn on the display each second. The refresh rate helps to control the flicker seen by the user; the higher the refresh rate, the less flicker.

  16. Viewable area • The viewable area is measured diagonally from one corner of the display to the opposite corner.

  17. Cosine Law • Is important when one is describing the luminous intensity of a digital display device. When a monitor is viewed straight on, the luminous intensity is maximum. When a monitor is viewed from an angle, the contrast and the luminous intensity are reduced.

  18. When a digital display device is viewed from the side, illumination and image contrast are reduced.

  19. LCD Disadvantage • The principal disadvantage of an AMLCD is the angular dependence of viewing • Ergonomic design of digital workstations is critical

  20. Display Workstations • Radiologist Reading Stations - The radiologist reading station is used by a radiologist when making a primary diagnosis. The reading station has the highest quality hardware, including the best monitor.

  21. Radiologist Reading Stations

  22. Physician Review Stations • The physician review workstation is a step-down model of the radiologist reading station. One of the most important features on a physician review station is the ability to view current and previous reports along with the images.

  23. Physician Review Stations

  24. Technologist QC Stations

  25. File RoomImage Management

  26. Transmission of Images • PACS - Picture Archiving & Communications System • DICOM - Digital Images & Communication in Medicine • TELERADIOGRAPHY -Remote Transmission of Images

  27. PACS Archive Digital Images Remote Facilities Database and Workflow Engine Internet VPN Workstations Remote Workstations

  28. PACS/HIS/RIS/X-ray System • HIS = Hospital information system • RIS = Radiology information system • X-ray machine patient folder

  29. Film-Based Workflow

  30. PACS Workflow

  31. Archive Servers • An archive server is the file room of the PACS

  32. PACS Common Functions • Navigation functions are used to move through images, studies, and patients. • The worklist is used to navigate through patients. Most worklists are customizable for the user. One doctor or technologist may want to see only CT studies or all neurologic studies done that day regardless of the modality. • Most modern PACS software conforms to the Windows look and feel.

  33. Hanging Protocols • A hanging protocol is how a set of images will be displayed on the monitor

  34. Image Manipulation and Enhancement Functions • Window/level • Annotations (usually added on QC station) • Flip and rotate • Pan, zoom, and magnify • Measurements • Query/retrieve function Carter Pg. 159

  35. Questions? "The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty." Winston Churchill

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