Section 2

1. Section 2 EMPIRE BUILDING IN AFRICA

2. A. West Africa and North Africa • 1. West Africa • Europeans looked to this area for the rawmaterials. Trade in enslaved people had almost ended. Great Britain annexed the west coastal states as the first colony. France added French West Africa to empire.

3. A. West Africa and North Africa • 2. North Africa • Egypthad sought independence under Muhammad Ali. He introduced a series of reforms to bring Egypt into the modern world. Modernized the army, set up educationand helped create small industries. 1854 French entrepreneur Ferdinand de Lesseps signed a contract to begin building the Suez Canal. This caused the British to also become interested in Egypt. Britain bought Egypt’s share in the Suez Canal. Egypt became a British protectorate in 1914. • Frenchcontrolled Algeria and Tunisia, a protectorate over Morocco. • Italy try to take over Ethiopia but were defeated but did take Tripoli, renamed Libya.

4. B. Central and East Africa • 1. Central Africa • David Livingstone was one of first to explore here. He trekked through uncharted regions for thirty years. He made detailed notes of his discoveries and sent information back home. A major goal was to find a navigable river that would open Central Africa to Europe and Christianity. • When he disappeared Henry Stanleysent to find him. He did find him in the shore of Lake Tanganyika Stanley remained in Africa after Livingstone died. He explored the Congo River and sailed down it to the Atlantic Ocean.  • King Leopold IIof Belgium was the real driving force behind the colonization of Central Africa his claims to vast territories of the Congo aroused widespread concern among other European states.

5. B. Central and East Africa • 2. East Africa • Britain and Germany had become the chief rivals in east Africa. Germany tried to develop colonies In East Africa. To settle any conflicting claims between European countries the Berlin Conference met. The conference officially recognized both British and German claims for territory in East Africa.

6. C. South Africa • Presences here grew rapidly. The Boers, or Afrikaners, as the descendants of the original Dutch settlers, were called, occupied Cape town. The British later seized this land and encouraged settlers to come to what they called Cape Colony.

7. C. South Africa • 1. The Boer Republics • Boers moved from the coastal lands and headed north on the GREAT TREK. Formed two independent republics called the Orange Free State and Transvaal. Boers put many of the indigenous people in reservations. Had frequently battled with theZULUpeople. Shakawas their great leader. They were later defeated by the British.

8. C. South Africa • 2. Cecil Rhodes • 1880’s British policy influenced by him. Great champion of British expansion. His ambition eventually led to his downfall. He was forced to resign as prime minister.

9. C. South Africa •  3. The Boer War • Wars between British and Boer. Guerilla resistance by the Boers. Hard fought but eventually larger British army won. By 1910 British created an independent Union of South Africa. Would be self governing nation within the British empire. To appease the Boers the British agreed that only whites, with few propertied Africans would vote.

10. D. Effects of Imperialism • By 1914 all the great powers of Europe had part of Africa except Liberia and Ethiopia • 1. Colonial Rule in Africa • Ruled with the least effort and expense possible. Used indirectrule as much as possible. One problem with this rule was it kept the old African elite in power. So it sowed the seeds for class and tribal tensions. • The French tried direct rulein most of their land. Governor general put in charge. The ideal was to assimilateAfrican subjects into French culture rather than preserve native traditions.

11. D. Effects of Imperialism • 2. Rise of African Nationalism • New class of leaders emerged by the beginning of 20th century. They admired western culture and sometimes disliked the ways of their own countries. Were eager to introduce western ideas and institutions into their own societies. Were few democratic institutions. Middle class Africans did not suffer as much as other classes. Europeans expressed their superiorityover Africans in other ways. Segregated clubs, schools and churches were set up as more European officials brought families.

12. D. Effects of Imperialism • The educated Africans were willing to admit the superiority of many aspects of Western society, Yet they did want to be independent. So was a mixture of hopes and resentment out of which emerged the first stirrings of modern nationalism in Africa.

13. 21-2 Review • “life-line to India” • Suez Canal • By 1914 the only independent states in Africa were what? • Liberia and Ethiopia • Incorporate a country within another state? • Annex • In the late 19th century, the real driving force behind colonization of Central Africa was who? • Leopold II of Belgium

14. 21-2 Review • After opening the Suez Canal in 1869, Britain took an active interest in what country? • Egypt • Medical missionary and explorer in Africa • David Livingston • After its defeat in Ethiopia in 1896, Italy seized what? • Tripoli • Dutch settlers in South Africa • Afrikaners • 19th century Egyptian ruler • Muhammad Ali

15. 21-2 Review • Britain, Germany, and France all had colonies where by 1900? • West Africa