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Islamic Conquests & Caliphates: 600-1200

Islamic Conquests & Caliphates: 600-1200. Unit 2 Chapter 8. Ease of Accessibility. Arabia on periphery of 2 established & rival empires Byzantium Sassanid Monotheism in existence “children of Abraham” Kaaba. Key Moments. Birth of Muhammad 570 Beginning of revelations 610

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Islamic Conquests & Caliphates: 600-1200

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  1. Islamic Conquests & Caliphates: 600-1200 Unit 2 Chapter 8

  2. Ease of Accessibility • Arabia on periphery of 2 established & rival empires • Byzantium • Sassanid • Monotheism in existence • “children of Abraham” • Kaaba

  3. Key Moments • Birth of Muhammad 570 • Beginning of revelations 610 • Hijra 622 • Muhammad’s return to Mecca 630 • Death of Muhammad 632 • Rightly Guided Caliphs 632-661 • Arab victories (Byzantium & Persia) 636-637 • Conquest of Egypt 640 • Compilation of Quran 650s • Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 • Conquest of Spain 711-718 • Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 • Battle of Talas River 750

  4. Muhammad Abdullah (570-632) • Mecca • Troubled by social inequalities; periods of withdrawal & meditation • Allah’s messenger to the Arabs (Quran) • “Seal of great prophets” (Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad) • monotheistic

  5. Hijra • Challenged Mecca’s growing commercialism & clan structure of Arab society • Fled to Medina • 622 – marks beginning of Islamic calendar • Umma – Islamic community; based on belief rather than kinship; political & religious authority

  6. Consolidation • Early military success • 630 Mecca surrenders • By his death, Arabia Islamic state • Motives for further Conquest???

  7. Motives for Conquest • Profitable trade routes • Agricultural regions • Religious conversion • Jihad – “struggle” – bringing righteous government to conquered peoples • HOWEVER – recognized Jews, Christians, & Zoroastrians as “people of the book” – dhimmis – protected subjects

  8. Conquered Peoples Through 9th Century • Dhimmas allowed to practice own religion by paying jizya – considered substitute for military service • Indiscriminate destruction & exploitation not allowed • Reasons for conversion???

  9. Conversion • Growing prestige • Appealing to slaves and POWs • Aided social mobility • Between 750-900, 80% of Persia converted • Also became dominant in Egypt, North Africa, Iraq, Pakistan, Iran, & Turkey

  10. Rightly Guided Caliphs 632-661 • First 4 • Companions to the Prophet • 3rd & 4th assassinated – schism • Sunni – caliphs selected by community • Shia (Shiites) – caliphs from line of Muhammad

  11. Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 • Capital moved to Damascus (Syria) • Great expansion – • Byzantine and Persian Empires • Weakened by decades of war • Internal revolts • Non-Arab Muslims had less rights

  12. Umayyad Caliphate Cont. • Introduced silver & gold coinage • Established trade network • Mediterranean • Silk Road • Sahara • Indian Ocean

  13. Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 • Killed Umayyad royal family at dinner • Moved capital to Baghdad • Expansion – • North Africa • Spain Muslim Golden Age (Non-Arab Muslims Equal) • 1258 – invasion of Mongol forces; last Abbasid caliph killed

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