Week Nine Agenda

1. Week Nine Agenda • Announcements • Link of the week • Review week eighth lab assignment • Week nine expected outcomes • Next lab assignment • Upcoming deadlines • Lab assistance, questions, and answers

2. Link of the week http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware This Web site contains information on: - Evolved firmware uses - Firmware and device drivers - Firmware support challenge in PCs - Firmware hacking http://www.driver-fix.com/driverdetective.php?t=Firmware DiverDetective Download driver updates automatically and safely. This software utility will keep your system up to date by automatically retrieving the latest drivers from your hardware’s manufacturer.

3. Link of the week Define Firmware: A computer program that is embedded in the hardware device. Firmware can be stored in flash memory or as a binary image file that can be uploaded onto an existing hardware by a user. In summary, firmware is a combination of hardware and software. Firmware applications include the following: - BIOS found in IBM-compatible PCs. - Open Firmware, used in computers marketed by Sun Microsystems and Apple Computers. - EPROM chips used in the Eventide H-3000 series of digital music processors. - The iPod’s control menus. - The Common Firmware Environment (CFE). - Cisco IOS

5. Review eighth week lab assignment American National Standards Institute (ANSI) • ANSI The Institute oversees the creation, promulgation and use of thousands of norms and guidelines that directly impact businesses in nearly every sector: from acoustical devices to construction equipment, from dairy and livestock production to energy distribution, and many more. ANSI is also actively engaged in accreditingprograms that assess conformance to standards – including globally-recognized cross-sector programs such as the ISO 9000 and ISO 9001. • Membership: Comprised of Government agencies, Organizations, Companies, Academic and International bodies, and individuals, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) represents the interests of more than 125,000 companies and 3.5 million professionals.

6. Review eighth week lab assignment • ANSI is the official U.S. representative to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). • The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has served in its capacity as administrator and coordinator of the United States private sector voluntary standardization system for more than 90 years.

7. Review eighth week lab assignment Linux /etc/sysconfig The /etc/sysconfig directory is where many of the files that control the system configuration are stored. /etc/sysconfig/clock Used to configure the system clock to Universal or local time and set some other clock parameters. /etc/sysconfig/init This file is used to set some terminal characteristics and environment variables.

8. Review eighth week lab assignment /etc/sysconfig/keyboard Used to configure the keyboard. Used by the startup script /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit. /etc/sysconfig/mouse This file is used to configure the mouse. /etc/sysconfig/network Used to configure networking options. All IPX options default to off. /etc/rc.d/rc.local This file is executed after the other init scripts. Put commands that performs some system customization.

9. Review eighth week lab assignment /etc/fstab - The fstab file is read by software applications. It is the duty of the system administrator to create and accurately maintain this file. - Each file system is described on a separate line. - Fields on each line are separated by tabs and spaces. - # comments - The order in which these records are listed is important.

10. Review eighth week lab assignment /etc/fstab /dev/mapper/vg_system-root / ext4 defaults 1 1 UUID=5a9e44d8-7554-4d9d-bf16-a1b6cf48ff9e /boot ext4 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg_system-home /home ext4 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg_system-tmp /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg_system-usr /usr ext4 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg_system-var /var ext4 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg_system-swap swap swap defaults 1 2 /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 dc2prst001.students.qw.franklin.edu:/vol/dc2_einstein_home/home /home nfs defaults 0 0

11. Review eighth week lab assignment Field description of /etc/fstab 1st field describes the block special device or remote file system to be mounted. 2nd field describes the mount point for the file system. 3rd field describes the type of file system. 4th field describes the mount options associated with the file system. 5th field describes which file systems will need to be dumped by the dump() command. 6thfield is used by fsck to determine the order in which the file systems are checked at boot time.

12. Review week eight lab assignment Red Hat Package Manager (rpm) is a package management system. - Software package file format - Free software tool which installs, updates, uninstalls, verifies and queries other software packages in this format. - rpm was originally targeted for the Linux distributions; the file format RPM is the baseline package format of the Linux Standard Base.

13. Review week eight lab assignment Package Advantages: - Used in a uniform way for the user to install programs - Uninstalling programs is simple - Non-interactive installation makes it easy to automate - Original source archive (e.g. .tar.gz,.tar.bz2) - Packages can be cryptographically verified with AES and MD5.

14. Review week eight lab assignment File Representation A file format is a particular way to encode information for storage in a computer file. Disk drives or computer storage are represented in bits. A computer must convert information to 0s and 1s and vice-versa. A computer file format can be represented as either a binary image or ASCII file (PCs). IBM uses EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Binary image files represent 256 different binary codes. ASCII files contain a small set of characters which are alphabetic letters, numeric digits, special symbols and a few control codes.

15. Review week eight lab assignment Binary image files can contain many more codes because they use all eight bits of the byte, whereas ASCII files use only seven bits. Executable software, most word processing files and databases, spread sheets and multimedia files are binary. However, text and source program files as well as HTML and XML files are ASCII.

16. Review week eight lab assignment The Internets SMTP mail protocol supports only ASCII. When a binary file is attached to an email message, the 8-bit format is converted to a temporary 7-bit format to pass through the mail servers. Encoding formats such as MIME, at the receiving end converts the 7-bit format back into 8-bit binary format. The 8-bit to 7-bit conversion makes files larger as they traverse the Internet.

17. Review week eight lab assignment Different file formats for different kinds of information. - JPEG format – designed to store static photographic images. - GIF format – designed to store still images and simple animation. - QuickTime format – designed as a container for many different types of multimedia.

18. Week nine expected outcomes Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: • Analyze processes of startup and shutdown. • Apply startup scripts and controls to tune system. • Describe basic "autonomous" processes in UNIX.

19. Next Lab Assignment “Initializing” or “booting” the machine steps • CPU is pre-set to RESET mode • CPU pre-programmed to seek 0xfffffff0 address location • BIOS reads MBR (Track 0, Sector 1) • First part of MBR contains the boot partition table and executable code • Second part of the MBR is used to locate the boot loader. It resides on the “active” partition known as the Boot Sector. • Device drivers are loaded (initrd-2.4.20-8.img) • Kernel is invoked • Init process is invoked

20. Next Lab Assignment Linux Boot Procedure 1. The system startup stage depends on the hardware device that Linux is being booted on. Floppy disk, CD-ROM, a partition on a hard disk, a device on the network, or a USB flash memory stick. Linux is usually booted from a hard disk. 2. After the system locates the boot device, the first part of the boot loader is loaded into RAM and executed. Normally, the first part of the boot loader is less than 512 bytes and is responsible for loading the second part of the boot loader.

21. Next Lab Assignment Linux Boot Procedure 3. The first 446 bytes are considered the primary boot loader, which contains both executable code and error message text. 4. The second sixty four bytes are the partition tables, which contains a record for each of the four partitions. 5. The last two bytes are the magic number which serves as a validation check of the Master Boot Record (MBR).

22. Next Lab Assignment Linux Boot Procedure 6. When the second part of the boot loader is loaded into RAM and executed, a pop up screen displays Linux and the optional initial RAM being loaded into memory. 7. The second part of the boot loader is called the kernel loader. After the boot images are loaded, the second part of the boot loader passes control to the kernel image. At this point, the kernel is decompressed and initialized.

23. Next Lab Assignment Linux Boot Procedure 8. The second part of the boot loader checks the system hardware, lists attached hardware devices, mounts the root device, and loads the kernel modules.

24. Next Lab Assignment Master Boot Record (MBR) The MBR is not located in a partition, it is located at a Main Boot Record area in front of the first partition. When a data storage device has been partitioned with the MBR Partition Table scheme the master boot record contains the primary partition entries in its partition table. By convention, there are exactly four primary partition table entries in the MBR Partition Table scheme

25. Next Lab Assignment Boot Loaders The following directory contains the different Linux boot loader and alternate loaders: Demonstrate: /boot/grub The Linux Loader (LILO) is the combination of parts one and two boot loaders. Because of some disadvantages in the LILO loader, the GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) has become more widely used.

26. Next Lab Assignment First, what exactly is GRUB? GRUB is a boot loader, which means it passes control of the boot process from the Power-On Self Test (POST) to the kernel of your GNU/Linux distribution. GRUB works in a modular, layered fashion so that any unneeded modules are not loaded. Not only does this reduce execution time, but it saves valuable resources when running from removable media. GRUB optionally loads its configuration file at run/boot time, so you don’t have to type in commands manually each time. However, the command-line option is still available in case there is an error in your configuration file.

27. Next Lab Assignment So why use GRUB when there are other options out there? The beauty of free software is that you have choices. Alternatives to GRUB include LILO, syslinux and isolinux. The benefit of GRUB is that it will work in many different types of boot devices, but you only need to learn one set of menu commands. In addition, GRUB can work on other forms of bootable storage, such as CD-R/W,

28. Next Lab Assignment With the release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 6, Red Hat will utilize the new Upstart boot service. This service will replace the System V init boot procedure that is based on runlevels directories that contain contained scripts that all had to be started. Upstart is event driven, so it contains scripts that are activated on demand, which makes the boot process a lot faster.

29. Next Lab Assignment In an attempt to simplify the new concept, Upstart still utilizes the services from the init process. The /sbin/init, which is the mother of all user services.

30. Next Lab Assignment Init Process Location: /sbin/init First process to execute in user space Executes: background Process ID: 1 (one) Parent Process ID: 0 (zero) Owner: root

31. Next Lab Assignment Handles initialization by starting the most fundamental services. /etc/init/rcS.conf Handles starting the individual runlevels /etc/init/rc.conf The following two areas specify how terminals are to be handled. /etc/init/tty.conf and /etc/init/serial.conf There were some additional configuration files included to the /etc/sysconfig/init file.

32. Next Lab Assignment The /etc/inittab file is referenced only for determining the default run level of the system. All other previous tasks are handled by the new Upstart procedure. id:3:initdefault:

33. Next Lab Assignment # Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are: # 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # 1 - Single user mode # 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) # 3 - Full multiuser mode # 4 - unused # 5 - X11 # 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)

34. Next Lab Assignment Linux Performance Tools sar command is performance monitoring tool. It can find out what Linux is doing all the time. It can generate report and email them to sys admin. vmstat command that reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu activity. free command displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers used by the kernel.

35. Next Lab Assignment iostat command is used for monitoring system input/output device loading by observing the time the devices are active in relation to their average transfer rates i.e. it is useful to monitor disk throughput. top command used for monitoring cpu usage, memory, top cpu hogs, etc..

36. Next Lab Assignment Linux system run level modes 0 - Halt system 1 – Single user 2 – Multi-user mode 3 – Full multi-user 4 – unused 5 – X11 6 - Reboot Shutdown command shutdown Review the Startup/Shutdown lab assignment

37. Next Lab Assignment /etc/rc.d init.d rc0.d rc2.d rc4.d rc6.d rc.sysinit rc rc1.d rc3.d rc5.d rc.local rc script – rc used to stand for “run command” Explain the difference between the K and S as a script prefix.

38. Next Lab Assignment Activities managed by the kernel Responsive - users Autonomous – daemons The kernel consists of a collection of low level procedures. These procedures are called system calls and they are the primary means for a program to interact with other parts of the system.

39. Next Lab Assignment • Shell Commands df (disk space usage) df –i (file system inode utilization) sar (CPU usage) history (list commands previously input) tail (read records at end of file) head (read records at start of file)

40. Upcoming deadlines Lab Assignment 13-1 Public Domain/Open Software Evaluation Open Source Presentation Sign Up No two presentations shall be the same. Lab assignment grade components. Paper: 0 – 75 points Presentation 0 – 25 points Presentation dates: April 8

41. Upcoming deadlines Lab Assignment 8-1, Installation Exercise is due March 4. Lab Assignment 9-1, Startup/Shutdown is due March 11. Lab Assignment 10-1, Account/LDAP Script is due March 18. Lab Assignment 10-2, Process Exercise is due March 18. Lab Assignment 11-1, Knoppix File System Exercise is due March 25. Final exam outline will be available on March 30. Module 5, System Startup and Shutdown is for week 9.

42. Lab assistance, questions and answers • Questions • Comments • Concerns • I am available after this Franklin Live session to discuss any problems and/or concerns regarding the lab assignments