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Mineralized Tissues

Mineralized Tissues. Include bone, cartilage, dentin and enamel Specialized connective tissue Originate from mesenchymal cells that are from the mesoderm. Cartilage. Cells: chondroblasts give rise to chondrocytes (mature). Fibers: collagen (type II), elastic and reticular

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Mineralized Tissues

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  1. Mineralized Tissues • Include bone, cartilage, dentin and enamel • Specialized connective tissue • Originate from mesenchymal cells that are from the mesoderm

  2. Cartilage • Cells: chondroblasts give rise to chondrocytes (mature). • Fibers: collagen (type II), elastic and reticular • Ground substance: glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates) and proteoglycans.

  3. Chondrocytes secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) and become embedded in lacunae. • Cartilage is avascular - exchange occurs by diffusion across ECM. • Growth - appositional (from the edges) and interstitial (from within).

  4. Types of cartilage: • Hyaline • Elastic • Fibrocartilage

  5. Bone • Osteoblasts give rise to osteocytes • ECM of collagen (type I) and hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate) • Osteoclasts resorb bone

  6. Types of Bone • Compact: lamallar structure. Organizational unit is the osteon. Haversial canal supplies blood vessels. Osteocytes in lacunae communicate via cytoplasmic projections within canaliculi. Periosteum contains osteoblasts. • Spongy: same elements as compact bone. Irregular lamellae without osteons. Framework of marrow cavity.

  7. Acellular bone: no canaliculi or processes. Enamel, cementum and dentin of teeth; also plates of scales inteleosts.

  8. OssificationBone deposition is appositional • Intramembranous: bone forms from mesenchyme. Dermal bone and parts of jaw, skull and pectoral girdle. Both compact and spongy. • Endochondral: osssification of preexisting cartilage. Responsible for growth of long bones. Remodeling is constant feature.

  9. Bone Remodeling • Regulated by genes and by mechanical stress. • Growth requires remodeling • Osteoclasts

  10. Connecting Elements • Tendons: attach muscle to bone • Ligaments: attach bone to bone • Aponeurosis: broad flat sheet of tendon or ligament • Tendons and ligaments insert into bone by means of Sharpey’s fibers

  11. ArticulationsUnion of bones or cartilage • Synarthrosis: little movement • Amphiarthrosis: limited movement • Diarthrosis: free movement. Synovial • Ankylosis: bone fused to bone (no a joint)

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