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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. The chemistry of life!. Organic Chemistry. The study of carbon and most carbon compounds. Originally thought to only be made by living things, to get the name organic. It is now known that organic chemistry has more compounds than that made by living things.

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry The chemistry of life!

  2. Organic Chemistry • The study of carbon and most carbon compounds. • Originally thought to only be made by living things, to get the name organic. • It is now known that organic chemistry has more compounds than that made by living things.

  3. Why so many compounds? • Carbon can bond with carbon atoms to form rings, chains and networks • They then form with groups of other atoms to form many compounds

  4. Bonding of Carbon Atoms • Carbon atoms covalently bond with other carbon atoms to form chains • Can be as little as 2 and as many as thousands ** Remember that covalent bonds • form molecules that are poor conductors • have low melting and boiling points • tend to be nonpolar.

  5. CARBON ATOMS • Has 6 protons, 6 electrons • Electron dot diagram has 4 valence electrons • Can covalently bond with nonmetals • Can covalently bond with itself and can form single, double or triple bonds • The bonded substances are usually nonpolar

  6. Shapes of Carbon Bonding • Forms single bonds with other elements at 109.5º • Long chains • Rings

  7. Carbon Bonds • Single Bonds where only one pair of electrons are shared is saturated • Double and triple bonds where 2 and 3 pairs of electrons are shared are unsaturated • Can be open (chains), closed (rings) or networked (lattice) ex: Diamonds

  8. Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon • Homologous series – a group of related compounds in which each member differs from the one before by the number of carbons • Alkanes, Alkynes and Alkenes are 3 important homologous series of hydrocarbons ***listed in Table Q

  9. Alkanes A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons that release energy when burned • Made only of hydrogen and carbon • Homologous series – each Alkane differs from another by the number of carbons • Saturated means all carbons in Alkanes have single bonds

  10. Examples of Alkanes • General Formula CnH2n+2 • Methane – 90% of natural gas CH4 • Ethane – 10% of natural gas C2H6 • Propane – used for outdoor grills C3H8 • Butane – used as lighter fluid C4H10 As the number of carbons increase the boiling point increases and bond strength increases ** Table P lists all organic prefixes

  11. Alkenes A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons that are used to make other items like plastics • Made only of hydrogen and carbon • Homologous series – each Alkene differs from another by the number of carbons • Unsaturated means all carbons in Alkenes have double bonds

  12. Examples of Alkenes • General Formula CnH2n • Ethene – C2H4 • Propene – C3H6 • Butene – C4H8 ** Table P lists all organic prefixes

  13. Alkynes A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons that are used to make other items like fuels • Made only of hydrogen and carbon • Homologous series – each Alkyne differs from another by the number of carbons • Unsaturated means all carbons in Alkynes have triple bonds

  14. Examples of Alkynes • General Formula CnH2n-2 • Ethyne – C2H2 • Propyne – C3H4 • Butyne – C4H6 ** Table P lists all organic prefixes

  15. Isomers When hydrocarbons are formed there are more than one way to arrange the atoms

  16. Facts on Isomers Isomers: • Have the same molecular formula • Different chemical and physical properties • As number of carbons increases so does the number of isomers for that molecule

  17. Naming Hydrocarbon Compounds Naming the Normal Form (straight line) • Must have continuous straight chain of carbons • Count number of carbons • Choose prefix from table P • Check for # of bonds between carbons • Use n and then the name Ex: n- butane IUPAC (international union of pure and applied chemistry)

  18. Naming Branched Chains of Hydrocarbons • Name the longest continuous hydrocarbon chain first • Check for each branch attached. • Branch names use the same prefix • Uses –yl ending • Has one less hydrogen • Carbons are numbered to give the lowest number in the name for the location • More than 1 of the same group use di-, tri- and tetra- prefixes before the branch name

  19. Functional Groups Atoms or groups of atoms that replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. ***Listed on Table R Halides Amides Alcohols Amino Acids Aldehydes Amines Ketones Esters Ethers Organic Acids

  20. Halides • A.k.a organic halides or halocarbon) • When group 17 atoms replace a hydrogen • Used as solvents and pesticides • Named by citing the location where it is attached to the hydrocarbon

  21. Aldehydes • When an O atom is attached to a carbon chain by a double covalent bond • Called a carbonyl group • Carbonyl group formula is – C = O • The carbonyl group is on the end of a hydrocarbon • Named by substituting the e ending with -al • Often used as preservatives

  22. Ketones • When the carbonyl group is found on an inside carbon • Named by replacing the e ending with –one • Often used as solvents

  23. Ethers • A series of organic compounds where two carbon chains are joined together by an oxygen atom • Named by using alkyl groups and ending with ether

  24. Organic Acids • Homologous series of organic compounds with a carboxyl group • Carboxyl group formula is – COOH • Named by replacing the e ending with –oic acid • Creates a weak electrolyte

  25. Esters • Compounds whose formula is CO – O • Is part of an organic acid • Has strong fragrant aromas and is responsible for many smells in fruits

  26. Amines • Derivative of ammonia • Formed when 1 or more hydrogen atoms of ammonia is replaced with an alkyl group • The Alkane chain is numbered to show the location • Named by replacing the e ending with –amine • Important for B vitamins, hormones and anesthetics

  27. Amino Acids • Contains carboxyl groups and amine groups • The amine group is attached to the carbon atom that is adjacent to the acid group • The rest of the molecule is a hydrocarbon chain • Necessary for the building blocks of protein

  28. Amides • A compound formed by the combination of two amino acids • When on of the hydrogen atoms of an amino group reacts with an –OH of an organic acid condensation occurs • Water and an amide is formed • Known as a peptide link • Eventually a polypeptide will form a protein

  29. Alcohols When one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by an –OH group • The -OH group is called a hydroxyl • Does not form electrolytes • Does not form hydroxide ions in water • Does not react with indicators • Forms polar molecules

  30. Classification of Alcohols • Classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on where the hydroxyl group is located • Primary, attached to the carbon at the end of the chain • Secondary, attached to a carbon in the middle of a chain • Tertiary, attached to a carbon with a branching alkyl group

  31. Dihydroxy and Trihydroxy Alcohols • Can also be classified by the number of hydroxyl groups • Dihydroxy alcohols have 2 groups attached to a carbon chain • Trihydroxy alcohols have 3 hydroxyl groups attached to a carbon chain

  32. Types of Organic Reactions • Combustion • Substitution • Addition • Esterification • Saponification • Fermentation • Polymerization

  33. Combustion • Almost all organic compounds will burn • Requires oxygen • Produces carbon dioxide and water C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O

  34. Substitution • Similar to a replacement reaction • Substitutes one or more atoms or functional groups C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl

  35. Addition • Similar to a synthesis reaction • Adds one or more atoms or functional groups C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2

  36. Esterification • A reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol • Produces an ester and water CH3OOH + CH3CH2OH H2O + CH3COOCH2CH3

  37. Saponification • A reaction between an inorganic base and an ester • Produces an alcohol and a soap Fat + Base Glycerol + Soap

  38. Fermentation • A reaction where yeast cells break down sugar • Produces carbon dioxide and Alcohol C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

  39. Polymerization • Organic compound made up of log carbon chains bonded together • Each unit of polymer is called a monomer • Produces products like rayon, nylon, and polyethylene • Organic polymers include proteins, starches and cellulose

  40. Addition & Condensation Polymerization • Addition is the joining of monomers of unsaturated compounds • Condensation is the removing of water from hydroxyl groups and joining by ether or ester linkage

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