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Rare Disease and Symptoms: Effects on Kidneys and Calcium Levels

This text discusses a rare disease that affects the kidneys' response to Parathyroid Hormone, leading to various symptoms such as increased blood calcium levels and calcium phosphate crystal development. It also explores the potential contributors to hypercalcemia and the medication for treating osteoporosis. Additionally, it covers bone healing and remodeling processes, as well as epithelial cell division and apical modifications in the small intestine. The text concludes by mentioning the primary organic compound found in the lamellae of bone and the line that bisects the light band in muscle.

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Rare Disease and Symptoms: Effects on Kidneys and Calcium Levels

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  1. A patient presents with a rare disease that prevents the tissue of his kidneys from properly responding to Parathyroid Hormone. Which of the following symptoms is the most likely to occur? Patient will have a significant increase in blood Ca2+ levels. Patient may suffer a decrease in osteoclast levels. The patient may suffer blood Calcium Phosphate crystal development. The patient may see an decrease in calcium absorption within the kidneys. There will be no symptoms as Parathyroid Hormone does not affect the kidneys.

  2. Which of the following could theoretically contribute to a case of Hypercalcemia? (High levels of calcium in the blood) Overproduction of parathyroid hormone Overproduction of calcitonin Increased osteoblast function Decreased osteoclast function A and C B and D

  3. The hormone calcitonin works by… • Increasing the activity of kidney cells to a greater concentration of calcium into waste urine. • Stimulating endochondral ossification by “supercharging” osteoblasts • Decreasing osteoclast function allowing for more bone build-up and less breakdown • Activating the parathyroid gland to secrete PTH. • Transform a traditional dairy cow into “SUPERCOW”

  4. Which medication would be most beneficial for treating Osteoporosis in an otherwise healthy female? A. Birth Control Pill B. Corticosteroids C. Thyroid replacement hormones D. Antacids containing aluminum E. Estrogen supplements

  5. What event is this chart most likely describing? A. Osteoblast cell division during pregnancy B. Epithelial cell division following injury C. Chondrocyte cell division during appositional bone growthD. Fat cell division during exercise E. Neutrophil cell division in response to allergies

  6. What process is described by the following actions: mitosis stops, growth and migration increase, endocytosis and phagocytosis increase and mitosis increases to 20 times its normal rate? A. Development of a blastula from a zygote B. Wound healing in epithelial tissue C. Inflammation response of mast cells D. Bone remodeling

  7. Your 21 year-old roommate returns from dance practice and complains of a sharp pain on the side of her right foot that started after she landed a particularly difficult jump. After x-rays are taken, it becomes clear that she has a Jones fracture of the fifth metatarsal, a fracture occurring between the epiphysis and diaphysis. The orthopedist suggests intramedullary screw fixation and subsequent use of a bone stimulator in order to expedite healing. Why might these things help bone healing? A. The region of the fracture will be difficult to heal with rest alone B. Your roommate is no longer growing, so it is less likely that her bones will heal themselves quickly enough for your roommate, who lives an active lifestyle C. Bone stimulation, an external electrical current applied to the skin near the site of the break, could be increasing osteoclast function. D. Bone stimulation could be increasing osteoblast function. E. Stimulation and disruption of tissue caused by the screw will “prompt” bone growth in the fractured area, thus healing the break F. It will be fun for your roommate to tell airport security guards that here is a metal screw in her foot and that is why she sets off metal detectors. G. (A), (B), (C), and (E) H. (A) and (D) I. (A), (B), (D), and (E)

  8. QUESTION: Often times following a bone fracture, the bone is healed with a thicker callus that is characterized by a “bump” underneath the skin. However, after a period of time the “bump” eventually disappears. Explain how the process of bone repair and remodeling may cause this.

  9. Choices: A. Secretion accumulates at apex of cell and is then pinched off. B. By exocytosis. C. The secretion accumulates inside and then a needlecyte comes along and pops the cell. D. The whole cell is broken off and secreted. E.Crine holes form in the cell membrane and the cell pushes out the secretion through the holes. Question: By which method does a Holocrine Secretor type gland secrete?

  10. This type of connective tissue, referred to as Wharton’s jelly in the umbilical cord, is rarely found in adult organs. • areolar tissue • mucous tissue • dense regular connective tissue • reticular tissue

  11. Units contained within perimysium are called… • (a) Lacunae • (b) Fascicles • (c) Vesicles • (d) T-tubules • (e) Popsicles ?

  12. Which of the following apical modifications is characteristic of epithelial cells lining the small intestine? (A) Microvilli (B) Axoneme (C) Cilia (D) Villi (E) Stereocilia

  13. Enzymatic glands are… a) acinar, granular, with central rounder nuclei b) tubular, granular, with central rounder nuclei c) acinar, not granular, with peripheral squished nuclei d) tubular, not granular with peripheral squished nuclei e)

  14. Q: The primary organic compound found in the lamellae of bone is: Collagen type IV Elastin Collagen type II Collagen type I

  15. What is line that bisects the light band in muscle? A) A band
 B) I band C) Z line D) H band E) M line

  16. Which of the following is composed of smooth muscle? A.) Upper Esophagus B.) Heart C.) Tongue D.) Biceps Muscle E.) Walls of the visceral organs

  17. Which of the following is not an example of a collagen disorder? • Rheumatoid arthritis • Cystic fibrosis • Scurvy • Dermatosporaxis (aka rubber puppy disorder)

  18. Which of the following is least likely to be associated with recurrent muscle cramping? Increased calcitonin secretion b. Increased PTH secretion c. A diet low in calcium d. Motor neurons overly sensitive to acetycholine

  19. Which of the following statements is incorrect? Osteoclasts, which break down existing bone, are multi-nucleated as a result of monocyte fusion Skeletal myocytes are striated and under voluntary control while cardiac muscle fibers are striated and involuntary Vitamin C is an important cofactor in protein translation during monocyte selective gene expression Type IV collagen forms networks appropriate for the basal lamina of epithelial cells

  20. Which of the following cell types is NOT derived from mesenchymal cells? • Unilocular adipocyte • Fibroblast • Osteoblast • Osteoclast • Chondroblast • Multilocular adipocyte

  21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a serous cell: Round Nucleus Acinar in Shape Partial Loss of Cytosol upon secretion Granular All of the above are characteristics of serous cells

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