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2. The Road To Revolution Credits go to: Google Images and toondoo.com
3. Fredonian Rebellion 1826-1827 What led to this event? Trouble began in East Texas between settlers after Hayden Edwards, a businessman from Kentucky, received an empresario contract in 1825. He was given permission to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches. When Edwards got there he found that a number of Mexican families, U.S. settlers and Cherokee had been living on the land for years. Edwards was supposed to respect the rights of anyone already living on the land. However, he demanded that they prove their ownership or he told them he would sell their land. The settlers couldn’t prove their ownership so he ordered them to leave. The settlers became angry and told the Mexican government. In 1826, the Mexican government cancelled Edwards contract.
4. What Happened? The Fredonian Flag Haden’s brother, Benjamin, took action against the Mexican government. He gathered a small band of settlers together and claimed a part of East Texas as the independent Republic of Fredonia. In December of 1826 the Edwards and their followers rode into Nacogdoches and took control. They adopted the FredonianDeclaration of Independence.
5. How Did It End? Most Texans opposed the Fredonian Rebellion. Stephen F. Austin supported the Mexican governments right to cancel Edward’s contract so he called out his militia to fight for Mexico. In January, Edwards and his group learned that the Mexican Army and the local Militia’s were coming. Edwards and the rest of the rebels fled. Some were captured but later released. Edwards returned to Nacogdoches and lived the rest of his life there.
6. Mier y Teran’s Report-1828 What led to this event? The U.S. carried a lot of newspaper stories about the rebellion and this really worried the Mexican government. During the 1820s the U.S. government had offered to buy Texas from Mexico many times. These offers angered Mexican leaders. Mier y Teran and a small group were sent to investigate conditions in Texas and report back to the government in Mexico City. Teran was to see if Texans were starting to talk about rebelling against the Mexican government in order to join the United States.
7. What Happened? Teran began in 1828 and traveled around Texas. He met with Stephen F. Austin and they discussed many of the issues important to the U.S. settlers. Austin continued to express his loyalty to Mexico. Teran continued his journey and wrote a letter to Mexico where he noted that Mexican influence in Texas decreased as one moved northward and eastward. He said settlers from the U.S. outnumbered Tejanos by 10 to 1. He warned that the American influence, particularly in East Texas, was growing stronger every day.
8. How Did It End? Teran made several recommendations: Trade between Texas and Mexico should be increased in an effort to discourage trade with the U.S. More Mexican soldiers needed to be sent to Texas to increase Mexico’s control over the region. Mexico should encourage more Europeans and Mexicans to settle in Texas. Teran hoped these actions would reduce U.S. influence in Texas and show Mexico’s determination to keep Texas part of Mexico.
9. The Law of April 6, 1830-1830 What led to this event? In response to Mier y Teran’s report, the Mexican government passed the Law of April 6, 1830.
10. What Happened? The law did several things. It banned U.S. immigration to Texas. It made it illegal to bring slaves into Texas. The law suspended unfilled empresariocontracts. The government hoped to issue new contracts to bring more Mexicans and Catholic Europeans in to Texas instead of U.S. families. The government also began to tax all U.S. imports coming into Texas. These customs duties raised money for the Mexican government. The hope was that people in Texas would start trading with Mexico to avoid paying the tax.
11. How Did It End? Mexican officials hoped that the Law of April 6, 1830, would strengthen Mexico’s control over Texas. Instead, the Law angered many Tejanos and U.S. settlers. They feared the Law would hurt the growing Texas economy. New immigrants led to growth in Texas. Stephen F. Austin disliked the new law, but he tried to work with Mexican officials and encouraged colonists to respect the Law.
12. Conflict of Anahuac-1831-1832 What Led to This Event? The Mexican government stationed hundreds of troops in Texas to enforce the Law of April 6, 1830. Before long there was fighting between soldiers and settlers. One spot that had trouble was called Anahuac. Mexican troops had built a fort at the mouth of the Trinity River on Galveston Bay near an important trade route and immigration point known as Anahuac. From here troops could enforce the new trade and immigration laws. Colonel Bradburn commanded the troops stationed at the fort at Anahuac. F. Madero was approving land titles for settlers in the area.
13. What Happened? How Did It End? In 1831, Bradburn arrested Madero, saying that he was breaking the Law of April 6, 1830. This made many Texans angry. Next Bradburn disbanded the town government in Liberty and used their slaves for projects without paying the owners. Things got worse in late 1831 when George Fisher demanded that all ships landing in Texas pay their customs duties at Anahuac. This required some shippers to travel overland a good distance to get the necessary paperwork. When several ship captains ignored Fisher’s rules, he sent soldiers after them. Austin stepped in and told officials that the settlers were still loyal to Mexico, they just didn’t like Fisher’s policy. In 1832, Bradburn arrested several citizens and held them for a military trial. Texas settlers were outraged over the events in Anahuac.
14. The Turtle Bayou Resolutions-1832 What Led to This Event? Two of the people Bradburn arrested were William Travis and Patrick Jack. He held them for a military trial. Townspeople began to gather and settlers at Liberty and Brazoria demanded the prisoners’ release. John Austin gathered a group of 150 people who marched toward the fort at Anahuac. They exchanged gunfire with the Mexican troops and captured some soldiers. Bradburn agreed to release the prisoners if the Texans would release the soldiers and leave. The settlers agreed and left but Bradburn didn’t keep his promise.
15. What Happened? The settlers withdrew to Turtle Bayou, a few miles down the road from Anahuac. Some of the men left to get more weapons. The ones that stayed drew up a set of resolutions-statements of their opinions and intentions. They said: The Events at Anahuac were not a rebellion against Mexico. They stated they were defending their rights and the Constitution of 1824. They expressed support for General Santa Anna who was trying to get President Bustamante out of office.
16. How Did It End? Bustamante had taken complete control of the government which had violated the Constitution of 1824. Santa Anna was saying he would restore the Constitution if he became president. Many in Mexico and Texas supported him. Soon after the Turtle Bayou Resolutions were written Mexican Colonel Piedras arrived in Anahuac. Piedras blamed Bradburn for the conflict with the U.S. settlers. To restore peace he released Travis, Jack and the other prisoners. He also removed Bradburn from his post. After this the settlers felt the threat to their freedoms was removed and peace was restored.
17. The Battle of Velasco-1832 What Led to This Event? Unaware the conflict at Anahuac was over, John Austin’s group loaded their cannon on a ship at Brazoria.
18. What Happened? When they reached the settlement of Velasco, Colonel Ugartechea refused to let the rebels pass. Fighting broke out. The Mexican soldiers ran out of ammunition and had to surrender. After the battle the Texans continued on in triumph. They arrived in Anahuac only to find the conflict already settled.
19. How Did It End? Resistance to central Mexican authority grew stronger in Texas every day. As the war between Santa Anna and Bustamante raged, Texans hoped Santa Anna would win the fighting and restore the Constitution of 1824.
20. The Convention of 1832-1832 What Led to This Event? Santa Anna defeated Bustamante in 1832 and became the new president of Mexico. Texans believed Santa Anna would restore the Constitution of 1824. Texans thought the time might be right for some changes in the laws. Several laws had been passed that angered the Texans and they wanted them changed. Settlers called a convention to discuss possible reforms (changes in policy). All the districts were asked to send representatives. San Antonio leaders decided the convention was unlawful and didn’t show up. Stephen F. Austin was chosen as president of the convention.
21. What Happened? The Delegates adopted several resolution. They asked the Mexican government to allow legal immigration from the United States. They requested that Texas become a separate Mexican state instead of being joined to Coahuila. They asked that customs duties be removed for three years. Last they asked for land for public schools.
22. How Did It End? Austin realized that for reform to occur, Texans had to be in agreement and work together. The convention had lacked the backing of Tejanos in San Antonio so Austin tried to gain their support. While he was meeting with leaders in San Antonio, a group of impatient Texans called for another convention.
23. The Convention of 1833-1833 What Led to This Event? Many of the delegates to this convention wanted action. Sam Houston was a new delegate that had just arrived in Texas. Along with others, he wanted to push harder for changes in Mexican policy.
24. What Happened? Austin was upset that the convention had been called in his absence but he supported the new convention.
25. How Did It End? They adopted many of the same resolutions as the earlier convention. They wanted immigration from the U.S. to be allowed and for Texas to be a separate state from Coahuila so they could control their own affairs. They even wrote a constitution for the proposed state. Austin, Sequin and Miller were chosen to present the proposals to Santa Anna. The others couldn’t go so Austinset out for Mexico City alone on April 22, 1833.
26. Austin is Arrested-January 1834 What Led to This Event? Mexican officials were still trying to organize a new government when Austin arrived. The new government was facing many problems. The biggest problem they had was a disease called cholera had swept through the city and thousands of people were sick and dying. Austin became impatient and told Farias that Texans might go ahead with organizing a state government without official approval. Farias thought that Austin was threatening him and the meeting ended in anger.
27. What Happened? A frustrated Austin wrote a letter to the local government in San Antonio saying he had not yet received permission for Texas to become a separate state. Yet Austin advised Texans to meet “without a moments’ delay for the purpose of organizing a local government for Texas.”
28. How Did It End? Santa Anna had been out of Mexico City while Austin was meeting with Farias. When he returned Austin was finally able to meet and explain the Texans demands. Santa Anna agreed to nearly all of the resolutions of the Convention of 1833. He agreed to allow immigration from the U.S. and to lower taxes on U.S. imports. But, he refused to make Texas a separate state from Coahuila. Even though Santa Anna had refused that one thing, Austin was confident Texans could work out their differences with Mexico. However on his way home, Austin was arrested. Mexican officials had gotten a hold of and read his letter telling Texas to set up a separate government. They thought he had challenged Mexican authority. Austin was taken back to Mexico City and put in jail without a trial. After nearly a year in prison he was released but not allowed to leave Mexico City until July 1835.
29. Mexico Tightens Control-1834-1835 What Led to This Event? In 1834 Santa Anna had declared Mexico was not ready to be a republic and began to strengthen the power of the central government. In a republic the people vote for the laws they will follow and the government officials must follow the law. In a central government, such as the one Santa Anna set up, the government tells the people what they can and can not do. Santa Anna was the final authority. By doing this he violated the federal Constitution of 1824, which most Texans supported. He also sent troops in to Texas. He did legalize immigration from the U.S. But in 1835, he had Cpt. Tenorio begin collecting customs duties at Anahuac. This angered Texans at Anahuac.
30. What Happened? When Tenorio began arresting citizens, William Travis and 25 U.S. settlers sailed the Ohio to Anahuac and demanded Tenorio’s surrender. He refused and Travis ordered an attack. Tenorio quickly surrendered and agreed to leave Texas.
31. How Did It End? Many Texans were upset with Travis. They feared the conflict would cause more problems with the Mexican government. The military commander of Texas, Gen. Cos, ordered the arrest of Travis, de Zavala and others. Cos also ordered more troops into Texas to better control the region.
32. Debating War and Peace-1834-1835 What Led to This Event? Cos’s orders greatly concerned many Texans. Most U.S. settlers believed that citizens should have a right to a trial by jury but Cos planned to put prisoners on trial in a military court which was unacceptable to many Texans. The arrival of more troops also upset Texans. William Wharton and other settlers began discussing what to do about Mexico. They decided they needed to have delegates from around Texas come together for another convention. Wharton called a meeting called the Consultation in 1835.
33. What Happened? Texans began debating how to respond to the growing problems with the Mexican government. Some Texans argued that Texans should remain calm. They wished to keep peaceful relations with the government. Another group, the war faction, argued for action. They wanted Texas to declare its independence from Mexico.
34. How Did It End? While Texans were debating war or peace, Stephen F. Austin returned from his imprisonment in Mexico. Austin’s views on the ability to work with the Mexican government had changed since his imprisonment. He had gone to Mexico City to work for peace. When he came back Austin urged Texans to unite against Santa Anna and declared his support for the upcoming Consultation. Austin warned that Texans had no choice but to go to war. “There is no other solution but to defend our rights, ourselves, and our country, but by force of arms.”