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Chapter 12 Undertaking Research for Specific Purposes

Chapter 12 Undertaking Research for Specific Purposes. Multimethod (or Mixed Method) Research. A design that blends qualitative and quantitative data and strategies in a single project. Advantages of Multimethod Research. Complementarity Enhanced theoretical insights Incrementality

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Chapter 12 Undertaking Research for Specific Purposes

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  1. Chapter 12Undertaking Research for Specific Purposes

  2. Multimethod (or Mixed Method) Research A design that blends qualitative and quantitative data and strategies in a single project

  3. Advantages of Multimethod Research • Complementarity • Enhanced theoretical insights • Incrementality • Enhanced validity • Creating new frontiers

  4. Applications of Multimethod Research • Instrument development • Explicating and validating constructs • Hypothesis generation • Illustration, clarification, and amplification • Understanding relationships and causal processes • Theory building, testing, and refinement

  5. Multimethod Research Designs • Component designs • Integrated designs

  6. Component Multimethod Designs • Qualitative and quantitative aspects are implemented as discrete components of the inquiry, and remain distinct during data collection and analysis • Types of component designs: • Triangulated design • Complementarity design • Expansion design

  7. Integrated Multimethod Designs • Integration of methods at all phases of the project, from the development of research questions, to data collection and analysis, to interpretation of results • Types of integrated designs: • Iterative design • Embedded (nested) design • Holistic design • Transformative design

  8. Strategies for Multimethod Research • Clinical trials • Evaluation research • Surveys • Ethnographies

  9. Obstacles to Multimethod Research • Epistemologic biases • Costs • Researcher training • Analytic challenges • Publication biases

  10. Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes • Studies that are usually experimental/quasi-experimental: • Clinical trials • Evaluation research • Intervention research

  11. Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes (cont’d) • Studies that can be experimental or nonexperimental: • Outcomes research • Replication studies • Methodologic research

  12. Types of Quantitative Research with Different Purposes (cont’d) • Studies that are usually nonexperimental: • Survey research • Needs assessments • Secondary analysis • Meta-analysis • Delphi surveys

  13. Clinical Trials Studies that develop and test the effectiveness of clinical interventions

  14. Phases of a Full Clinical Trial • Phase I: finalizes the treatment (e.g., to determine things like drug dose and safety) • Phase II: seeks preliminary evidence of effectiveness • Phase III: fully tests the treatment (randomized clinical trial or RCT) • Phase IV: focuses on long-term consequences of the treatment

  15. Key Issues, Activities, and Products of Phase I Developmental Work for Nursing Interventions

  16. Evaluation Research Examines how well a specific program, practice, procedure, or policy is working Types of evaluation: • Process (implementation) analysis • Outcome analysis • Impact analysis • Cost analysis

  17. Intervention Research Research with a distinctive process of planning and testing interventions. Steps include: • Project planning; development of an intervention theory • An intervention design, flowing from the theory • Implementation of a data collection system • Testing the intervention, in progressive stages • Dissemination of the results and intervention

  18. Outcomes Research Documents the quality and effectiveness of health care and nursing services Framework for outcomes research: • Structure of care (organizational features) • Nursing processes (aspects of clinical decision making and interventions) • Patient characteristics • Clinical outcomes

  19. Survey Research • Obtains information about the prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of variables within a population • Modes of administration: • Personal (face-to-face) interviews • Telephone interviews • Self-administered questionnaires • Internet surveys

  20. Secondary Analysis • Studies using previously gathered data to test new hypotheses • Alternative strategies: • Examine relationships not previously analyzed • Focus on a subgroup within the data set (e.g., males only) • Change the unit of analysis

  21. Needs Assessments • Studies to estimate the needs of a group, community, or organization • Needs assessment approaches: • Key informant approach • Survey approach • Indicators approach

  22. Delphi Surveys A tool for planning and short-term forecasting. Procedures include: • Distributing questionnaires to an expert panel • Tabulating responses and distributing results back to the panel • Completing follow-up rounds of surveys (typically 3 or more rounds to achieve consensus)

  23. Replication Studies • Studies to determine if findings from an original study can be duplicated in another independent study • Types of replication: • Identical replication • Virtual replication • Systematic extension replication

  24. Methodologic Research Investigations of the ways of obtaining, organizing, and analyzing data Examples: • Developing and evaluating a new data collection instrument • Testing the effectiveness of stipends in facilitating recruitment

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