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Optical fibers

Optical fibers. Laboratory of optical fibers Institute of Photonics and Electronics AS CR, v.v.i. http://www.ufe.cz/en/laboratory-optical-fibres. Waveguiding p rincip le → optic al fiber. W. Snell (~1620) : total reflection J. Tyndall (1853) : waveguide

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Optical fibers

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  1. Opticalfibers Laboratory of opticalfibers Institute of Photonics and Electronics AS CR, v.v.i.http://www.ufe.cz/en/laboratory-optical-fibres

  2. Waveguiding principle →optical fiber W. Snell(~1620) : total reflection J. Tyndall (1853) : waveguide nwater, glass, plexi > ncladding, surroundings n2 n1 n1 > n2 Optical fiber Opticalfibers, 2019

  3. Transmission and attenuation 2nd window(O-band) 3rd window(C-band) 1stwindow Optical fiber : dielectricstructure, L >> d, ncore > ncladd SILICA Credit: http://LightEmittingDiodes.org Opticalfibers, 2019

  4. Key issue : purity of material (↓losses) Optical losses in opticalfibers - thebest: 0.2 dB/km ~ powerlossesonlyabout 5% per km- trasparencyof 3 mm of window-glass ≈ 2 km of opticalfiber high-purity materialsmax impurities acceptable in ppb(10-9) Charles K. Kao Nobel prize 2009 ULTRA-PURE TECHNOLOGIES Opticalfibers, 2019

  5. 1. Preform MCVD Optical fiber preparation 2. Fiber drawing Opticalfibers, 2019

  6. Ultra-pure technologies : preform MCVD – Chemical Vapor Deposition • Sequential deposition of thin (~ 1-20 μm) glassy layers onto inner wall of silica tube => preform (rod) • high purity (ppb impurities), high precision (>1 %)material Opticalfibers, 2019

  7. Drawing of OpticalFibers • Fiber diameter 80-1000 μm • Temperature 1800-2000°C • Drawing speeds:- UFE: 0.1-0.5 m/s - Industry: 20-30 m/s • No textile • No thermo-insulation Opticalfibers, 2019

  8. Application Fibersensors Environmental, biology, medicine… Telecommunication fibers (cables) Specialfibers Fiberlasers & amplifiers Telecom amplification, raw power … Opticalfibers, 2019

  9. Optical fibers for telecommunications passivefibers SM SM detector source Opticalfibers, 2019

  10. Telecommunications UFE Prague => Teplice, CR => Hesfibel, TR GI - multimode SM - singlemode 200 km telecom line - test Opticalfibers, 2019

  11. Telecommunicationfibers Requirements: • Lowattenuation • Lowdispersion • Durability • (temperature, pressure, EM field...) • Lowprice (< 1 USD/m) Opticalfibers, 2019

  12. Specialtyoptical fibers forcommunicationsFiber lasers and amplifiers amplifier detector optical fiber source Fiber amplifier, fiber laser Opticalfibers, 2019

  13. Fiber lasers -[mW]telecommunications – high power [kW] Light Amplification of Stimulated Emission of Radiation FILANO 2014 Opticalfibers, 2019

  14. Tb/s multi- Data stream S-Band DMUX MUX C-Band L-Band TDMWDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Q-switched FL

  15. Telecommunications EDFA+Dispersion management=>WDM Optical fibers, 2019

  16. Tm-doped fiber foramplifier at 1470 nm [P.Peterka, Opt. & Quantum El., 36 2004, 201], [W.Blanc, Proc. SPIE 6180, 2006, 61800V.1], [P.Peterka, Optical Materials 30 (2007) 174] Opticalfibers, 2019

  17. Fiber lasers mW → kW * high conversion efficiency(fiber lasers ~70-90%) - savings * high quality beam(nearly Gaussian, low divergency) * high brightness(high concentration of power) * good thermal management (cooling) * effective pumping * tunability * compactness * size (long resonator in small space) 4kW IPG system demo [IPG] sun 63 MW/m2 fiber laser 12.7 GW/m2 Opticalfibers, 2019

  18. Fiber lasersmW → kW https://www.ipgphotonics.com/en/whyIpg#[history] Opticalfibers, 2019

  19. Silica (VIS-NIR) specialty optical fibersfor fiber lasers and amplifiers DC structures, beam combining .. Opticalfibers, 2019

  20. Fiber lasers vers. solid state lasers (SSL) • High brightness + flexibility fs pulses 5 PW / 25x25 cm ELI Beamlines [1015 W/um2] CW 40- 100 kW / 10 um2 IPG Photonics [1015 W/ um2] 100 m 1 m 0.1 m Opticalfibers, 2019

  21. MonoliticTm-doped fiber laser at 1951 nm Eye-safe spectral region * Tm3+ - Al2O3-SiO2 core (Al2O3 nanoparticles), * 1000 ppm Tm3+, 11mol% Al2O3, 0 mol% P2O5 or GeO2, * deep-UV inscription of FBG [P.Peterka, Photonic Technol Lett, 25, 2013, 1623] Opticalfibers, 2019

  22. Optical fiber sensors Source Detector Continuous monitoring of (bio)chemicalsand their concentration. Suitable for : remote sensing flammable or explosives in high-voltage areas human body distributed sensing Source Detector Opticalfibers, 2019

  23. Ø 18 μm Optical fiber sensors Detection of pH in small samples (droplets, cells) Zdroj Detektor Opticalfibers, 2019

  24. SUMMARY • Fiber technology : preparation of structures of high preciseness (<1%) from materials of ultra-high purity (impurities in ppbs only). • Fiber preparation in two steps : preform preparation and fiber drawing. (M)CVD technique (preform) makes possible to prepare multilayered tailored structures of suitable level of purity. • Fibersconventional (passive) and specialty (active). Fiberlaserscompetitive with Solid StateLasers (SSL). • Research of optical fibers&fiberlasers Opticalfibers, 2019

  25. References • J. M. Senior: Opticalfibercommunications - Principle and practise, PearsonEducation Limited, Harlow, England, 2009. • A. Mendez, F.T. Morse :Specialtyopticalfibers handbook, Elsevier Science & Technol, USA, 2006. • Saleh B.E.A., Teich M.C.: Fundamentals of Photonics2ndEd.,Wiley-VCH, 2007 • S. R. Nagel, J. B. McChesney, K. L. Walker : An overview of the MCVD process and performance, IEEE J. QuantumElectron. QE-18 (1982) 459-477 Opticalfibers, 2019

  26. Be UFE ! • STUDY(diploma, thesis) Czech Technical University Charles University Institute of Chemical Technology • PROJECTS- partners CZ • INTERNATIONAL - collaboration

  27. Be carefull ! EXCURSION 1. Preform preparation (MCVD) +2. Fiber drawing Thank you for attention Opticalfibers, 2019

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