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Find the link…

Find the link…. In your notes, separate all these organisms into 2 groups. (INDIVIDUALLY). Algae. Zebra. Venus Fly Trap. Sheep. Grass. Lion. Rabbit. Snake. Chapter 7 Energy From Food. Messy Chapter! . Lots of material Important to read sections PRIOR to lesson.

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  1. Find the link… In your notes, separate all these organisms into 2 groups. (INDIVIDUALLY) Algae Zebra Venus Fly Trap Sheep Grass Lion Rabbit Snake

  2. Chapter 7 Energy From Food

  3. Messy Chapter!  • Lots of material • Important to read sections PRIOR to lesson

  4. Sunlight Powers Life • Certain organisms convert energy from sun to chemical energy in food… • Some make food themselves • AUTOtrophs producers (photosynthesis) • Some rely on others for food • HETEROtrophs consumers ALWAYS starts with the sun!

  5. Harvesting Energy in Food • Plants and other producers use light energy to make organic molecules • Cellular Respirationis the chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into another form of energy ATP(main energy supply)

  6. Working Together • The products of photosynthesis are the chemical ingredients for cellular respiration • The products of cellular respiration are the chemical ingredients for photosynthesis

  7. Types of Energy (NRG) • Kinetic anything moving • Potential stored energy • Chemical form of potential, depends on the structure of molecules • Organic molecules have high chemical NRG • Calorie amount of NRG needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by one degree C • Kcal

  8. ATP packs energy for cellular work • Chemical NRG stored in foods (organic molecules) must first be converted to ATP What is ATP? Pg 143 Structure Adenosine TRI-phosphate How is works “compressed spring” joins chemical reaction potential NRG is released (loose 1 P) ATP ADP (lost a P, adenosine DI-phosphate)

  9. ATP Di • Adenosine Tri Phosphate • ATP ADP + P + energy • Energy released used in metabolic activity ENERGY P P P

  10. ATP & Cellular Work • What ATP does • energy for dehydration synthesis for linked AA • contraction of muscle cells • crossing across cell membrane • Electron transport chain

  11. ATP Cycle • ATP continuously converted to ADP as cells do work… but need cant use ADP… • Recycles! • Page 144

  12. Cellular Respiration  ATP • NRG in food used to make ATP(NRG for cellular work) • Cell Respiration happens in inner membrane of mitochondria • MANY STEPS!! Glycolysis  Krebs CycleElectron Transport Chain 38 ATP total

  13. ATP and Cell Respiration • Cell respiration main goal is to make ATP for cell work 6 Carbon Dioxide Glucose ATP 38 6 Water 6 Oxygen What you need to write… 1 Glucose  38 ATP

  14. Cellular Respiration  ATP • NRG in food used to make ATP(NRG for cellular work) • Cell Respiration happens in inner membrane of mitochondria • MANY STEPS!! Glycolysis  Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain 38 ATP total

  15. STOP

  16. Mitochondrion! • Cell respiration happens in the mito • Structure of mito is KEY to its role in respiration • Envelope of 2 membranes • Thick fluid between inner and outer membrane (called the matrix) • Complex folding high surface area  maximize ATP production

  17. Stage 1: Glycolysis Pg 149 • Occurs outside the mitochondria • In the cytoplasm • What glycolysisneeds (input) • 2 ATP molecules, 1 Glucose Molecule, 2 NAD+ • What glycolysisproduces (output) • 2 NET ATP (4 total) • 2 Pyruvic acids • 2 NADH (each holds 2 electrons)  TO ETC • 2 Water Molecules

  18. Steps of Glycolysis • What happens • 1. 2 ATP splits glucose in half Yields 2 Carbon molecules each with a P group • 2. Each carbon molecule transfers electrons AND hydrogen ions to a carrier molecule (NAD+) • 3. NAD+ then turns into NADH with the addition of the 2 electrons and 1 hydrogen • 4. Through a chemical reaction a P is taken from the carbon molecule forms ATP (2 for every NADH) INVESTED 2 ATP YIELDED 4 ATP  net gain 2ATP

  19. P P P P P P ATP e e ADP NAD+ NADH ATP ATP ADP ADP ATP 3 Carbon 3 Carbon 3 Carbon 6 Carbon 2 Pyruvic Acids 3 Carbon 3 Carbon 3 Carbon ADP Glucose ATP e e NAD+ NADH ATP Both NADH move to the ETC Add 2 ATP REACTIONS OCCUR RESULT 4 ATP BUT!! 2 invested so NET gain is 2 ATP

  20. Stage 2: The Krebs Cycle Pg 150 • Finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide (releases more NRG) • Where this occurs matrix of mito • Input Acetyl CoA • 1 Pyruvic acid – CO2 = 1 Acetyl CoA(happens twice) • During this we make 2 NADH and 2 Water molecules • Output 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2 the 6 NADH & 2 FADH2 go to the ETC

  21. The Krebs Cycle • 1. Acetyl CoA joins acceptor molecule • Produces 2 CO2 • 2. Electron Carriers (NADH & FADH2) trap NRG • 3. One ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 & 2 CO2 is produced for every 1 Acetyl CoA • THEREFORE… • KREBS turns TWICE for every 1 Acetyl CoA (also for every glucose)

  22. ALMOST DONE!!

  23. Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) pg 151-152 • Where inner membrane of mito • Input NADH transfer electrons to ETC • Output 34 ATP • Joins with 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Krebs • 36-38 ATP total from 1 glucose molecule • Add 2 ATP to start reaction!

  24. The ETC 2 steps : ETC and ATP Synthase • 1. ALL electron carriers carry electrons to ETC • 2. Move down “chain” being more strongly attracted as they move from protein to protein • 3. Oxygen is the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, uses them to form water with hydrogen atoms • 4. AS electrons move, hydrogen atoms pumped across membrane from low to high concentration

  25. ATP Synthase • NRG stored from ETC used in ATP synthase • 5. Rush downhill through this structure • 6. Uses NRG from H+ ions to convert ADP ATP • 7. Makes 34 ATP

  26. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ALL H+ Pumped Down ETC of Glycolysis 2 NADH Run ATP Synthase Protein 3 Protein 1 Protein 4 P2 4 e- 4 e- 4 e- ½ O2 Makes Water 2 NADH 2 NAD+ H+ H+ H+ H+ 6 ATP Molecules H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

  27. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ALL H+ Pumped Down ETC of Pyruvate 2 NADH Run ATP Synthase Protein 3 Protein 1 Protein 4 P2 4 e- 4 e- 4 e- ½ O2 Makes Water 2 NADH 2 NAD+ H+ H+ H+ H+ 6 ATP Molecules H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

  28. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ALL H+ Pumped Down ETC of Krebs 6 NADH Run ATP Synthase Protein 3 Protein 1 Protein 4 P2 12 e- 12 e- 12 e- ½ O2 Makes Water 6 NADH 6 NAD+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ 18 ATP Molecules H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

  29. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ETC of Krebs 2 FADH2 Run ATP Synthase Protein 3 Protein 1 Protein 4 4 e- P2 2 FAD+ 2 FADH2 4 ATP

  30. ATP Synthase • 2 NADH from Glycolysis forms 12 H+ Ions, 6 ATP • 2 NADH from Pyruvate forms 12 H +Ions, 6 ATP • 6 NADH from Krebs 36 H+ ions, 18 ATP • 2 FADH2 from Krebs  4 ATP (no ions) 34 ATP made TOTAL ALL GO THROUGH PROCESS of pumping 1 H+ ion for every 1 electron (every carrier has 2 electrons)

  31. Summary • Glycolysis • Out of mito • 1 Glucose2 Pyruvic Acids, 4 ATP made, 2 NADH • 2 Pyruvic  2 Acetyl CoA 2 NADH and 2 H20 • Krebs • Matrix fluid inside inner membrane of mito • 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 , 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 • ETC • Inner membrane • 34 ATP made from electron carriers PLUS the ATP made during glycolysis and Krebs = NET ATP 38 (-2 put in) = 36 GAINED ATP

  32. 7.5 Cellular Respiration

  33. Today… • Review Cellular Respiration • Learn 7.6 Fermentation • Video clip on muscle strength and cellular respiration • Reflection Activity

  34. What we know… • Body uses oxygen & chemical energy to make ____________ (NRG for cell work) • Cellular respiration has 3 steps • 1.____________, makes _____ATP • 2.____________, makes _____ATP • 3.____________, makes _____ATP But what if there is no oxygen present? ATP Glycolysis 2 Krebs 2 ETC 34

  35. 7.6 Fermentation • Some of your cells can produce ATP and continue working for short periodswithout oxygen • Where this can happen • Muscle Cells • Microorganisms

  36. Fermentation in Muscles Makes ATP only through glycolysis • Does not use oxygen (anaerobic) • Not very efficient but by burning enough glucose it creates enough ATP for short bursts of NRG • Sprint lungs and blood stream cant supply oxygen fast enough to meet needs for ATP

  37. Fermentation in Muscles • Side effects of fermentation • Lactic acid • Soreness • Body consumes oxygen to convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid

  38. Fermentation in Microorganisms • Yeast • Fermentationand cell respiration • Kept in anaerobic conditions (no oxygen) they use fermentation • Kept in aerobic (presence of oxygen) conditions they respiration • Yeast fermentation produces alcohol; releases CO2 • Also in breads

  39. Video Clip How training prevents the use of fermentation in muscles

  40. Reflection ActivityIndividually • Design your own organisms! • An anaerobic organism • ( no oxygen, it will kill it) • An aerobic organism (oxygen to survive) • An organism that can do both • Describe its living conditions (where does it live, what does it eat, is it social…etc)

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