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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 9

CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Addressing. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add. Overview. It is useful to know both the TCP/IP and OSI networking models.

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 9

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  1. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Addressing

  2. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Overview • It is useful to know both the TCP/IP and OSI networking models. • Any device on the Internet that wants to communicate with other Internet devices must have a unique identifier (IP address). • Because routers use a layer three protocol (IP protocol) to find the best route to that device. • IPv4 is the current version of IP. • Subnetting, Network Address Translation (NAT) and private addressing are used to extend IP addressing without exhausting the supply. • IPv6 improves on the current version providing a much larger address space. • There are several methods of assigning an IP address to a device.

  3. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add TCP/IP History • Requirement for the network that could survive any conditions. • Requirement for a reliable data transmission to any destination on the network under any circumstance. • The TCP/IP model has since become the standard on which the Internet is based.

  4. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Application Layer • The TCP/IP combines all application related issues into one layer and assures this data is properly packaged before passing it on to the next layer. • TCP/IP specifies common applications • The application layer handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control.

  5. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Transport Layer • The transport layer provides transport services from the source host to the destination host. Transport services include TCP and UDP • The transport layer constitutes a logical connection between the endpoints of the network, the sending host and the receiving host. • Transport protocols segment and reassemble upper-layer applications into the same data stream between endpoints. • The transport layer data stream provides end-to-end transport services. • End-to-end control, provided by sliding windows and reliability in sequencing numbers and acknowledgments

  6. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Transport Layer • TCP and UDP • Segmenting upper-layer application data • Sending segments from one end device to another end device • TCP only • Establishing end-to-end operations • Flow control provided by sliding windows • Reliability provided by sequence numbers and acknowledgments The transport layer sends data packets from the sending source to the receiving destination through the cloud (Internet).

  7. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Internet Layer • The purpose of the Internet layer is to determine Best path and to switch packet. • The main protocol that functions at this layer is the Internet Protocol (IP). • IP performs the following operations: • Defines a packet and an addressing scheme • Transfers data between the Internet layer and network access layers • Routes packets to remote hosts Protocols operate at this layer

  8. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Internet Protocol • IP is sometimes referred to as an unreliable protocol. • This does not mean that IP will not accurately deliver data across a network.

  9. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Network Access Layer • The network access layer is also called the host-to-network layer. • It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details contained in the OSI physical and data-link layers. • Drivers for software applications, modem cards and other devices operate at the network access layer. • The network access layer defines the procedures for interfacing with the network hardware and accessing the transmission medium.

  10. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Compare OSI and TCP/IP • The TCP/IP model gains credibility because of its protocols. • The OSI model is used as a guide for understanding the communication process.

  11. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add IP Addressing For any two systems to communicate, they must be able to identify and locate each other.

  12. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add IP and MAC Addresses • Each computer in a TCP/IP network must be given a unique identifier, or IP address. • The Layer 3 address allows one computer to locate another computer on a network. • All computers also have a unique physical address, known as a MAC address. • MAC addresses are assigned by the manufacturer of the network interface card. • MAC addresses operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model.

  13. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add IP Address IP address is 32-bit address Dotted Decimal Format Using dotted decimal allows number patterns to be more easily understood.

  14. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Decimal and Binary Conversion

  15. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Routers and IP addresses • A router forwards packets from the originating network to the destination network using the IP protocol. • The packets must include an identifier for both the source and destination networks. • Using the IP address of destination network, a router can deliver a packet to the correct network.

  16. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add IP Version 4 Addressing • When the packet arrives at a router connected to the destination network, the router uses the IP address to locate the particular computer connected to that network. • Every IP address has two parts: (1) network and (2) host

  17. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add IP Version 4 Addressing • IP address is called a hierarchical address, because it contains different levels

  18. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add TCP/IP • IP addresses are divided into classes to define the large, medium, and small networks.

  19. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add TCP/IP • Class A addresses are assigned to larger networks. • Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks • Class C address is used for small networks.

  20. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Reserved IP Addresses • Network address– Used to identify the network itself. • An IP address that has binary 0s in all host bit positions is reserved for the network address.

  21. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Network Address

  22. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add TCP/IP • Broadcast address– Used for broadcasting packets to all the devices on a network. • Broadcast IP addresses end with binary 1s in the entire host part of the address.

  23. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Broadcast Address

  24. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Public and Private Addresses • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) carefully manages the remaining supply of IP addresses to ensure that duplication of publicly used addresses does not occur. • Public IP addresses are unique. No two machines that connect to a public network can have the same IP address because public IP addresses are global and standardized. • With the rapid growth of the Internet, public IP addresses were beginning to run out. (Sol. CIDR, IPV6, and Private IP addresses) • Private IP addresses are another solution to the problem of the impending exhaustion of public IP addresses. • Private IP addresses are used within the closed network • Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet requires translation of the private addresses to public addresses (or NAT).

  25. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Public and Private Addresses

  26. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Introduction to Subnetting • Subnetting is another method of managing IP addresses. • This method of dividing full network address classes into smaller pieces has prevented complete IP address exhaustion. • Subnetting a network means to use the subnet mask to divide the network and break a large network up into smaller, more efficient and manageable segments, or subnets.

  27. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add IP Version 4

  28. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add IP v4 Vs. IP v6 • IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv4. • IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits. • IPv6 provides 640 sextrillion addresses. • IPv6 fields are 16 bits long. • IPv6 is slowly being implemented in select networks.

  29. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Obtaining IP Address • A network host needs to obtain a globally unique address in order to function on the Internet. • The physical or MAC address that a host has is only locally significant. • It identifies the host within the local area network. • The router does not use it to forward outside the LAN based on Layer 2 address. • IP addresses are the most commonly used addresses for Internet communications. • IP address is a hierarchical addressing scheme that allows individual addresses to be associated together and treated as groups.

  30. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Obtaining IP Address • Network administrators use two methods to assign IP addresses. • Static and Dynamic Hosts have physical address by having NIC. IP addresses have been assigned to the host in static/dynamic way

  31. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Obtaining IP Address • In static assignment, the system administrator manually assigns and tracks IP addresses for each computer, printer, or server on the intranet. • Static assignment works best on small, infrequently changing networks. • Servers should be assigned a static IP address so workstations and other devices will always know how to access needed services. • Other devices that should be assigned static IP addresses are network printers, application servers, and routers.

  32. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add Obtaining IP Addresses • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) associates a known MAC addresses with an IP addresses. • Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) only requires a single packet exchange to obtain IP information. • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically without the network administrator having to set up an individual profile for each device.

  33. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) associates a known MAC addresses with an IP addresses. • A network device, such as a diskless workstation, might know its MAC address but not its IP address. • RARP allows the device to make a request to learn its IP address. • Devices using RARP require that a RARP server be present on the network to answer RARP requests. • The source device must include both its MAC address and IP address in order for the destination device to retrieve data • Workstations running RARP have codes in ROM that direct them to start the RARP process.

  34. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add ARP/RARP Message Structure Operation code = 1 ARP request = 2 ARP reply = 3 RARP request = 4 RARP reply

  35. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP Operation Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF needs to get its IP address for internet operation

  36. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP Operation Encapsulated to be a frame by adding frame header RARP Message Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF generate a ARP request

  37. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP Operation Workstation MAC& IP Operation code is 3 = RARP Request Target station MAC& IP Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF generate a ARP request

  38. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP Operation Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF transmits RARP request

  39. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP Operation All computers pass the packet up to network layer. If IP numbers do not match, the packet is discarded except for RARP server, which detects the RARP request field

  40. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP Operation Workstation MAC& allocated IP Operation code is 4 = RARP Reply Server MAC& IP Server creates RARP reply message for the requesting client

  41. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP Operation All computers copy frame and examine it

  42. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP Operation If MAC address do not match, the packet is discarded

  43. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add RARP Operation Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF stores the IP address received in the RARP reply for later use

  44. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add BOOTP • The bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) operates in a client-server environment and only requires a single packet exchange to obtain IP information. • However, unlike RARP, BOOTP packets can include the IP address, as well as the address of a router, the address of a server, and vendor-specific information. • One problem with BOOTP is that it was not designed to provide dynamic address assignment. • A network administrator needs to create a configuration file that specifies the parameters for each device. • The administrator must add hosts and maintain the BOOTP database. • There is still a one to one relationship between the number of IP addresses and the number of hosts.

  45. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add BOOTP Message Structure

  46. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add BOOTP Operation Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF needs to obtain its IP address for Internet and Intranet operation

  47. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add BOOTP Operation BOOTP request message Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF generates a BOOTP request encapsulated in a packet head and a frame header at network and data link layer orderly

  48. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add BOOTP Operation Workstation MAC Computer FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF broadcasts a BOOTP request to every node, since it doesn’t know the server

  49. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add BOOTP Operation All computers pass BOOTP message up to transport layer, detect the BOOTP message, other hosts discard this message except the server

  50. CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM CCNA 1/ MODULE 9 TCP/IP Protocol Suite & IP Add BOOTP Operation TFTP server and gateway add Workstation MAC and allocated IP Server prepares a BOOTP response from its database to send back toreceiving device

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