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Unit 7: World War I

Unit 7: World War I. Chapter 22. From Neutrality to War. The March to War. Central Powers Germany Austro-Hungarian Empire Bulgaria Ottoman Empire. Allied Powers Great Britain Russia France Italy Greece Serbia Romania. Archduke Franz Ferdinand .

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Unit 7: World War I

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  1. Unit 7: World War I

  2. Chapter 22 From Neutrality to War

  3. The March to War • Central Powers • Germany • Austro-Hungarian Empire • Bulgaria • Ottoman Empire • Allied Powers • Great Britain • Russia • France • Italy • Greece • Serbia • Romania

  4. Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Heir to the Throne of Austria-Hungary • Visits Bosnia with his wife Sophie • The Black Hand • Assassinated on June 28, 1914 • Sparks WWI in Europe

  5. Wilson Stands Neutral • Benefits • Pleased Americans • No loss of life • Sell goods to both sides • Wilson’s hopes for re-election • Drawbacks • Citizen’s ties to homeland • Overwhelming support for Allies • Prolonged the war

  6. Britain Stops U.S. Trade • Blockade • Britain creates a blockade around Germany • Prevents Germans from receiving goods • U.S. Shipping • Britain did not want U.S. ships delivering anything that could help the German war effort.

  7. German U-boats • U-Boat • Submarines known as “Unterseeboot” • Germans thought u-boats would break the British blockade.

  8. RMS Lusitania • Sinking of Lusitania • British ocean-liner attacked by u-boat on May 7, 1915. • 1,198 died including 128 Americans. • Germans said the ship was carrying weapons and ammunition. • Theodore Roosevelt: "murder on the high seas"

  9. Building to War • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • German war plan to use u-boats to control shipping. • Wilson demands that Germans stop sinking U.S. ships. • Sussex Pledge • After sinking the French ship Sussex, the Germans promise to spare all lives in any future U-boat attacks on merchant ships • but the U.S. must force Britain to end its blockade on Germany.

  10. The Preparedness Movement • The Preparedness Movement • led by Theodore Roosevelt to prepare the U.S. in case they were to enter the war. • Wanted a million trained men and a larger navy the Britain. • Wilson backed movement due to U-boat attacks.

  11. Propaganda • Propaganda • information or rumor spread by a group or government to promote its own cause or ideas or to damage an opposing cause or idea.

  12. Zimmermann Note • Zimmermann Note • Coded note sent by Germany to Mexico. Intercepted by the British. • The note promised Mexico that if it attacked the U.S., Germany would help Mexico regain loss territory the U.S. acquired in the Mexican-American War.

  13. Entering World War I • Why did we get involved? • U-boat attacks lead to American deaths. • Zimmermann Note creates anti-German sentiment • Pro-Britain propaganda. • Closer ties to the allies. • Wilson's re-election. • The need to make the world "safe for democracy.” • Economic reasons - "making payment on every debt certain and sure."

  14. Chapter 23 The Course and Conduct of World War I

  15. Selective Service Act • The Selective Service Act • May 1917, a draft that required all men ages 21 to 30 to register for military service at local polling stations. • 10 million registered.

  16. The American Expeditionary Force • Troops arrived in France in June 1917. • Nicknamed the "doughboys." • Infantry force led by Gen. John J. Pershing. • They acted as a separate military and took more forceful and offensive tactics than the allied armies.

  17. 369th • 369th Regiment • An all African-American regiment. • Fought under French command. Received the highest military honor from the French. • German soldiers call them "Hell Fighters."

  18. New Technologies of WWI • Machine Gun • Rapid fire weapon producing 600 rounds-per-minute • Howitzer • Large Cannon • Chemical Weapons • Toxic chemical weapons (Mustard Gas)

  19. New Technologies of WWI • Airplanes • Used for scouting enemy territory, shooting and bombing • Battleships • 1906 HMS Dreadnought • Heavily armed and armored

  20. Trench Warfare • Machine Guns • Could hold down an enemy advance • Rushing machine guns was always not wise • Trenching • due to machine guns, snipers and artillery, soldiers dug into the ground and began fighting trench warfare.

  21. Trench Warfare • Tactics • Series of defensive trenches separated by "no-man's land" complete with barbed wire • Conditions • Conditions were terrible. • Muddy trenches smelled of rotting bodies, sweat, and overflowing latrines. • Trench foot infected soldiers. • Disease and rodents led to death and suffering.

  22. The Meuse-Argonne Offensive • Germans push into France, Spring 1918 • As more Americans arrived, German victory seemed unlikely • Meuse-Argonne Offensive • September 1918, offensive launched • Allies broke through German lines and take control Sedan railroad • Cuts of German communication and supplies • Armistice • A truce reached by both sides • November 11th, 1918 • Central Powers Surrender

  23. Chapter 24 The Home Front

  24. Americans AGAINST the War • Pacifists • People who opposed all war for political, moral, or religious reasons • Woman’s Peace Party • Women led by Jane Addams who believed in limitation of arms and mediation. • Wanted progressive social reforms to eliminate economic causes of the war. • Conscientious Objectors • Primarily men, who opposed the war and therefore would not serve in the armed forces

  25. Americans FOR the War • Liberty Bonds • Pro-war Americans purchased war bonds • Certificates issued which promised to pay back money plus interest • Money went to the war effort • Committee on Public Information • Government organization who used propaganda to help sell the war • Patriots • People who believed that supporting the war was patriotic backed the war effort on all fronts

  26. Selling the War • CPI • Hired artists, reporters, directors, writers and historians • Created a pro-war, anti-German sentiment • Successful? • Very successful, however it prompted persecution of many Germans in the U.S.

  27. Food Helps Win the War • Food Administration • Herbert Hoover heads Administration • Encouraged Americans to conserve food and plant gardens • Farmers to plant more food • Food sent overseas

  28. Fuel Helps Win the War • The Fuel Administration • Ask Americans to conserve fuel • Introduce daylight savings time • Excess fuel helped run military overseas

  29. African-American Response • W.E.B. DuBois • Encouraged African Americans to join war effort • Attempt to show patriotism and loyalty • William Monroe Trotter • Said the U.S. should end segregation here before fixing problems overseas.

  30. The Great Migration • Great Migration • High production of goods in northern factories • Provoked African Americans to migrate north • Race riots

  31. “Americanization” • American Protective League • Tried to enforce 100% Americanization • Went into immigrant neighborhoods • Threatened immigrants

  32. Acts of 1917 & 1918 • Espionage Act of 1917 • Law that made interfering with the draft illegal • Also set severe penalties for spying, sabotaging, and “obstruction of the war effort.” • Sedition Act of 1918 • Act that made saying anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive” about the U.S. government

  33. Socialists Speak Out • Eugene V. Debs tells followers: • Wars have been waged for conquest and plunder. • They are ordered by the master class and fought by the subject class. • Wobblies • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were against war • “Capitalists of America, we will fight against you, not for you.”

  34. Schenck v. United States • Charles Schenck, 1919 • Socialist • Charged with attempting to disrupt a military draft • Freedom of Speech Defense • Failed • Convicted for causing a panic

  35. Symbolic Speech • Symbolic Speech • Conduct that conveys a message without spoken words • U.S. v. O’Brien • 1966, David O’Brien burned his draft card • Court ruled that he was not allowed to break a law in which the government has a “substantial interest.” • Texas v. Johnson • 1984, Gregory Johnson burned American flag in protest • Court ruled that flag burning is protected under symbolic speech

  36. Chapter 25 The Treaty of Versailles: To Ratify or Reject?

  37. Fourteen Points • Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Wilson’s blueprint for world peace • Make the world “fit and safe to live in.” • Designed to protect “every peace-loving nation” and people from “force and selfish aggression”

  38. The Fourteen Points • Point 1 • Countries could not make secret treaties and alliances • Point 2 • Freedom of the seas • Point 3 • Free trade among countries • Point 4 • Countries would reduce their stockpiles of weapons • Point 5 • International arbitration in all colonial disputes • Point 6 – 13 • Land taken during WWI will be restored to previous owner • Point 14 • Creation of a League of Nations

  39. Clarification of the Points • Freedom of the Seas • The right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters in times of peace and war • Reduction in Armaments • Reducing the amount of weapons of war instead of building for competition • League of Nations • An international organization designed to ensure world peace • Territorial Integrity • Nations will respect another nation’s borders

  40. The Big Four Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) David Lloyd George (U.K.) Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

  41. Punishing Germany • War-Guilt Clause • Held Germany responsible for the war and forced them to make reparations to Allied nations • Reparations • $33 Billion must be paid to Allied powers to offset the cost of war • Mandates • Territories controlled by League of Nations until they were ready for self rule • Include: Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and some German colonies

  42. Treaty of Versailles • Treaty of Versailles • Peace treaty signed by allied powers and Germany on June 18, 1919. • Assigned Germany responsibility for the war. • Required Germany to pay reparations. • Reduced Germany's territory. • Included the covenant for the League of Nations.

  43. Treaty of Versailles • Reservationists • Republicans in the Senate that would votes yes only if a number of reservations • including the Collective Security clause was removed from the treaty. • Irreconcilables • 16 Republican Senators who firmly opposed the treaty. • They cited Washington's farewell address as grounds for voting no. • Internationalists • Mostly Senate Democrats who supported the treaty. • They believed the greater international cooperation the more benefits everyone can reap.

  44. Wilson’s Attempt to Gain Support • Touring the Nation • Wilson embarked on an 8,000 mile speaking tour • 40 speeches in 29 cities • Suffered a stroke, ending the tour

  45. Partisanship • Partisanship • Complete support of a single political party, preventing progress through negotiation • Death of Treaty • Republicans and Democrats could not agree on a treaty • Republicans try to amend treaty, but Wilson votes it down • Original treaty fails to pass a 2/3’s vote

  46. Election of 1920 Warren G. Harding (R) vs. James M. Cox (D) • Harding defeats Cox in a landslide • Separate Treaty • October 1921, U.S. sign separate peace treaty with Germany

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