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Explore the economic rivalries, aggressive nationalism, militarism, alliances, and the assassination that led to the outbreak of World War I. Learn about the major characteristics of the war, including total war and the use of modern military technology.
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1914-1918:The Worldat War Coach Terry FergusonWeatherfordHigh School
1. Economic & Imperial Rivalries European nations compete for colonies in Africa and Asia. France and Germany nearly go to war over Morocco in 1905 and 1911. Distrust grows among rivals.
1. Economic & Imperial Rivalries • Colonial rivalries created conflicts around the world. • Thailand remained independent because Britain and France wanted a “buffer state” between British India and French Southeast Asia (Vietnam). • Conflicts in Africa, such as the Fashoda Crisis and the Boer War, brought European countries to the brink of a global war. • Germany was late to the imperial game and aggravated the French and British by trying to turn natives against their colonial masters (Moroccan Crisis).
2. Aggressive Nationalism Competition for industrial dominance develops between Great Britain and Germany; territorial disputes over Alsace-Lorraine after the Franco-Prussian War promote rivalry between France and Germany; Austria-Hungary and Russia compete for dominance of the Balkan Peninsula, where independence movements of various Slavic people develop.
3. Militarism & Arms Race Increasing nationalism led to a European arms race. Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.
4. The Alliance System Triple Entente Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Great Britain Germany France Austria-Hungary Russia Ottoman Empire Italy Note: Italy, though allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary before the war through trade, refused to join them when the war started. Instead, Italy entered the war on the Allied side in May 1915.
Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:
Main Causes of WWI RAQ # 1 Rank the main causes of WWI from 1-4 with 1 being the cause that you feel was the most important reason the war began. Explain why you believe this way.
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated while traveling to inspect troops in Sarajevo, Bosnia. His assassin was Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand organization that was calling for Serbian independence from Austria.
The Assassin: GavriloPrincip Part of the group “The Black Hand” - a secret society that was formed in 1911 by Serbian army officers whose goal was to create an independent Serbia by use of violent acts.
The Assassination The Archduke's death set into motion an unstoppable mechanism based on entangling alliances whereby most of Europe was pulled into World War I. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgPYgXnu-Aw (3:18) RAQ #2 After watching the video discuss the following questions with your partner: Do you think World War I would have happened if the assassination would not have taken place? Explain why or why not. Why did the assassin’s take the cyanide poison after their mission was complete? Is this true Nationalism?
Who’s To Blame? Notice how Italy has it’s arms crossed!
The Schlieffen Plan The German plan to attack France consisted of sweeping through Belgium to quickly knock France out of the war. At the same time, a Belgium invasion would keep the British military off of the continent. The Germans then planned to turn on the Russians who would be slower to mobilize. The plan was meant to “AVOID” a two-front war: for various reasons the Schlieffen Plan failed and Germany found itself battling enemies on both sides.
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF WORLD WAR I Total war – belligerents use all available resources against their enemies • Mobilization of large numbers of soldiers that results in their removal from production jobs • Food rationing • Use of propaganda to divert attention to the war effort • Changes in government policy to address wartime economics RAQ #3 Discuss with your partner at least (3) sacrifices you would have to make for our country if we were involved in “Total War”.
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF WORLD WAR I • Trench warfare Western Front in France; little gains for each side resulting in high casualties for both sides RAQ #4 Modern military technology: • Poison gas: caused blinding, blistering, and death by choking • Machine guns: improved during WWI; large numbers of casualties at one time made it difficult for forces to advance and created stalemates • Tanks: armored vehicles that moved across wide areas but did not promote the fast-moving war that was planned • Airplanes: photo reconnaissance, dropping of bombs, warfare in the air • Submarines (U-boats): unrestricted warfare on naval ships • Flame throwers: used to flush soldiers out of trenches
Tanks Armored vehicles that moved across wide areas but did not promote the fast-moving war that was planned. French Renault Tank
German U-Boats Unrestricted warfare on naval ships
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats Dots represent Allied ships sunk by U-Boats! 12,547 were sunk around 1500 were out of action!
The Airplane Used for photo reconnaissance of trenches, dropping of bombs and eventually warfare in the air “Squadron Over the Brenta”Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I FrancescoBarraco, It. Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br. Eddie Rickenbacher, US Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.[The “RedBaron”] Rene PaukFonck, Fr. Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
FlameThrowers Used to flush soldiers out of trenches GrenadeLaunchers
Poison Gas Caused blinding, blistering, and death by choking Machine Gun Improved during WWI; large numbers of casualties at one time made it difficult for forces to advance and created stalemates in trench warfare.
War of the Industrial Revolution RAQ #5 Explain the effects of the major new military technologies on World War I. Which new weapon do you think was responsible for the high causality rates in WWI?
Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother Austro-Hungarians
Russian Women Soldiers RAQ #6A Until the recent passage of a law permitting women to fight in war, the United States never allowed women to be on the front lines in battle. Why did countries heavily involved in WWI allow this? Should the United States make it mandatory that every citizen serve at least one year in the military? Why or Why not? What would be the benefit of this?
Arm Wrestling Tournament • With your elbow partner arm wrestle on the count of 3. • Losers go to the back of the room winners find a new partner and arm wrestle. • Continue this until we are down to the final 2. • For the champions of champions we will circle around the final 2 to determine our winner. RAQ #6B List 3 reasons why women should be in the war on the front lines and 3 reasons why women should not be on the war.
Australian Poster RAQ #7 Propaganda is a powerful tool that governments must use to gain support when involved in war. Analyze this propaganda poster put forth by the Australian government and explain the symbolism it is referring to so as to gain support from the citizens. Why would Australia be willing to get involved in the war in Europe?
Western FrontTrench Warfare Here is the horror, savagery and pointlessness of trench warfare. Opening scene of All Quiet on the Western Front, 1979 version. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXtsiqrhqsU RAQ # 8 After watching the video clip, analyze the following quote: “The honor of fighting for your country tends to fade as the reality of war sets in. All men do it for the honor and pride of defending their countries at first but in the end they fight for each other. War is part of the human character, it's never going away. One must devote a good part of life learning its history as to not forget its lessons……. less we repeat our mistakes.”
