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The Brain

The Brain. Link to Video on the Brain. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/how-does-the-brain-work.html If you have time to watch this on your own, it will help with your understanding of the brain. Looking at the Brain. Click on the link below to see some cool graphics of the brain.

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The Brain

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  1. The Brain

  2. Link to Video on the Brain • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/how-does-the-brain-work.html • If you have time to watch this on your own, it will help with your understanding of the brain.

  3. Looking at the Brain Click on the link below to see some cool graphics of the brain. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-11/memory/brain-interactive.html Parts and functions of the brain can be found on this site: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/organs/brainmap/index.shtml

  4. Brain Factoids • At the moment of death all the fluid drains out of our brain. • When alive, our brain is like tofu floating in fluid. • The average weight of a live adult brain (reached by age 11 or 12) is 2 7/8 pounds, female and 3 pounds, male. • Your brain uses more oxygen than any other part of your body. • The main purpose of your brain is survival. • Your adult brain has a quadrillion connections.

  5. What do you remember about the first place you lived as a child? • That memory is not in just one place in your brain • It is a multitude of fireworks – electrical energy in a storm within your brain. It is all electro-chemical. • There are about as many neurons in your brain as there are stars in the galaxy. • The neurons that make up our thoughts are in our brain, but we have neurons throughout our body.

  6. The Parts of the Brainstem • Brainstem • Pons • Reticular Formation • Medula

  7. The Brainstem (crossover point) & Thalamus Brainstem Pons Thalamus: relay to see, hear, taste, touch, not smell

  8. Brainstem:The primitive inner core • Pons • Sleep, arousal, attention • Medulla • Vital involuntary functions • Reticular Formation • Arousal • Sleep • Alertness • pain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfC4u5GCy3I

  9. Parts of the Limbic System • Thalmus • Hypothalmus • Pituitary • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Cerebellum

  10. Limbic Systememotions, memory, and learning • Pituitary gland • Master gland • Controls hormones • Amygdala • Fear & anger • Emotional memory (how you feel, felt) • Hippocampus • Memory formation for episodic information (where you went, what you did, concepts, names dates).

  11. Amygdala Why is the so important? (fear and anger) • Emotional memories are created here • Works in concert with body’s stress hormones • Goes to sympathic nervous system – different arousal in genders: • Located in right hemisphere in men • Located in left hemisphere in women Limbic System Cont.

  12. Hypothalamus What does it do? • Regulates glands, release of hormones, controls the endocrine system through the pituitary gland • Meets basic needs • Eat, drink, body temperature • Three “F”s • Fighting • Fleeing • Feeding • “Mating” Limbic System Cont.

  13. Cerebellum The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. http://www.aolnews.com/2011/02/12/chase-britton-boy-without-a-cerebellum-baffles-doctors/?icid=maing%7Cmain5%7Cdl2%7Csec3_lnk1%7C43681 Boy without a Cerebellum and Possibly the Pons Limbic System Cont.

  14. Athletes Need their Cerebellums (little brain) Coordination Balance Movement Limbic System Cont.

  15. The word cerebellum means “little brain,” and it looks like a smaller version of the cerebrum. It’s tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres, and it also has two hemispheres that are connected to each other by a thick band of nerves. Other nerves connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. It is the brain center for muscle movement, posture, and coordination. This photo - taken through a light microscope - shows neuron pathways in the cerebellum magnified hundreds of times. Limbic System Cont.

  16. Review of all the Parts

  17. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex speech production, thinking, planning, reasoning, impulse control, motivation Speech muscles Sensory integration Auditory social visual Use with videocassette: Scientific American Frontiers, Segment 8: Old Brain, New Tricks

  18. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex • Temporal Lobes:Auditory Perception. Categorization. Essential for social interaction. • Occipital Lobes:Contain the visual cortex, associations related to visual stimuli • Parietal Lobes:Sensory integration from various parts of the body, knowledge of numbers and manipulation and location of objects. • Frontal Lobes:“star” of brain. Contain controls for speech production, thinking, planning, reasoning, impulse control, motivation. • (Phineas Gage)

  19. Cerebral Cortex • The cortex is like the covering of the brain, sometimes called the “bark”. • If you unfolded the cortex, and smoothed it out, it would be 2 ½ square feet.

  20. Memorize the Parts of the Brain Http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2008/09/episode-72-video-memorize-the-parts-of-the-brain/

  21. Language Aphasiais an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).

  22. Specialization & Integration Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

  23. Plasticity in Brain & Behavior • Some rats are housed alone in empty cages • Their littermate twins are group-housed in cages with toys, which are changed frequently • Richer environments led to heavier, thicker brains, more synapses, and better learning

  24. Plasticity in the Brain

  25. Methods of Psychophysiological Research • Twin studies • Brain damage case studies • Phineus Gage • Used to be only way to view brain • Lesion studies in animals • Imaging – PET, MRI, fMRI • Using Bio Pac in our classroom - EEG

  26. The Case of Phineas Gage • Gage was a railroad construction foreman • An 1848 explosion forced a steel tamping rod through his head • Others said he was “…no longer Gage…” • Lost his job, worked as a sideshow exhibit *Phineas Gage film: The Brain, #25

  27. Lobotomy Story Here is a story about a lobotomy. What happens when part of the brain is removed? http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5014080 By clicking on this URL, you will be taken to a page that has the story of the surgery called lobotomy, which was done by Dr. Friedman, from 1936 on for several years. He was certain it would revolutionize medicine.

  28. Clinical Observation Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being catalogued. Tom Landers/ Boston Globe

  29. Electroencephalogram (EEG) An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

  30. Electroencephalogram

  31. PET Scan • PET (positron emission tomography) Scan • a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task. Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories

  32. Positron Emission Tomography • Active areas have increased blood flow • Radioactive isotopes (small amounts) are placed in the blood • Sensors detect radioactivity • Different tasks show distinct activity patterns Color representation of intensity in this order: white, red, yellow, green, blue, violet

  33. MRI Scan MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. • Top images show ventricular enlargement in a schizophrenic patient. • Bottom image shows brain regions when a participant lies. Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations

  34. Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Magnetic fields align certain ions and compounds • When field is removed, these molecules release energy as radio waves • Kind of like an x-ray • Provides clear, 3D images

  35. Brain Hemispheres? http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1592

  36. Are You Left or Right Dominant? • What do you see? http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,22535838-5012895,00.html

  37. The Split Brain

  38. Two Hemispheres • Language mostly in left hemisphere • Detecting emotion, spatial abilities, music are in right • Right controls and receives input from left side of body and vice-versa • The Corpus Callosum Provides a pathway for communication between the hemispheres • http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20236/

  39. Splitting the Brain A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Corpus Callosum Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa Martin M. Rother

  40. Split Brain Patients With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

  41. Sperry’s Split-Brain Experiment • Split-brain subjects could not name objects shown only to the right hemisphere • If asked to select these objects with their left hand, they succeeded • The right side of the brain doesn’t control speech

  42. Divided Consciousness

  43. Try This! Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand, simultaneously. BBC

  44. Non-Split Brains People with intact brains also show left-right hemispheric differences in mental abilities. A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right brain when completing a perceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic task. http://www.doctorhugo.org/brain2/brain2.html

  45. Other Important Organs • Testes & Ovaries:Produce estrogens & androgens, influence sex drive, regulate menstrual cycles, cause secondary sex characteristics, and can influence brain function.

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