WWII

1. WWII J. Newman January 2011

2. 3 mistakes Europe’s leaders make regarding Hitler Europe’s leaders believed war could be prevented because: • Not too long since last war, avoid another bloody conflict • Hitler’s demand that all German-speaking regions of Europe be united with Germany was reasonable • Many assumed that the Nazis would be more interested in peace once they gained more territory.

3. Anschluss • 1938- Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless Austrian Nazis were given important govt. posts. (Austria’s chancellor gave in) • The chancellor put the unification of GY & AU to a democratic vote • Hitler sent troops into Austria in March & announced Anschluss (unification) of AU & GY "One People, One Empire, One Leader"

4. Czechoslovakia & appeasement • Hitler wanted the Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia that had a German-speaking population • Sep. 29, 1938- Munich Conference- BR & FR agreed to Hitler’s demands (Czechs not invited) • Hitler will be appeased over and over again until it’s too late!

5. Poland • Hitler wanted Poland • German roots & room for GY to grow • Aug. 23, 1939- Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact– GY & SU would not attack each other (secret part- when Hitler takes Poland, GY gets west Poland, SU gets east Poland) • Sep. 1, 1939- GY blitzkrieg in Poland (quick and mass air, land, and sea invasion)- Poland fell in just over a month • Sep. 3- GB & FR declare war on GY

6. Maginot Line- France’s line of defense Siegfried Line- Germany’s line of defense “The Phony War”- Sitzkrieg (sitting war) For 8 months, FR & GY waited to see who would make the first move

7. So many countries, so little time! • While France waited on GY to attack, Hitler sent troops to attack Norway & Denmark- April 9, 1940 • Operation Weserübung • Both countries fell in a month

8. Fall of France • GY goes around the Maginot Line (through Ardennes Mountains/Forest with tanks- which the French thought wouldn’t work) • June 22, 1940- France surrenders • “puppet govt.”led by Pétain at Vichy set up

9. Don’t write- just watch • The Miracle at Dunkirk http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_fall_france_campaign.shtml

10. Churchill replaces Chamberlain as P.M. in Great Britain • *Don’t have to write the quote! “Even though large tracts of Europe have fallen…we shall not flag or fail…We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” • Churchill

11. Battle of Britain • Problem for GY- had few transport ships, which would get sunk by the British air force (this would have to be defeated first) • June 1940- The Luftwaffe started air battles with the RAF.

12. Aug. 23- German bombers (“accidentally”) bombed London which made the British really mad (Britain responded by bombing Berlin) • Hitler’s goal then was to terrorize the BR citizens into surrendering

13. Battle of Britain is over! • British had radar- could see when the German were coming • Oct. 12, 1940- Hitler cancelled the invasion

14. U.S. (slowly, but surely) gets involved • Lend-Lease Act (1940)- FDR said the U.S. would lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the U.S.” • Atlantic Charter (1941)- meeting b/w FDR & Churchill, committed the two to a postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas

15. Pearl Harbor • Dec. 7, 1941- “A Date Which Will Live in Infamy” • Japan wanted to destroy the entire U.S. Pacific fleet (wasn’t successful) • Dec. 8- U.S. declares war!

16. Assignment • Take 5-10 minutes and respond to this question (at least half a page to a page) Save your paper- don’t turn it in yet. • How would you feel if this evening while you were home, some soldiers came to your door and said “You have 2 hours to pack. We’re taking you to a special camp”? You have to leave almost all of your friends behind, and you can only take what you can carry with you. All this you have to do because of how you look. How would you react? What would you say? What would you take with you?

17. Japanese Internment Camps *Executive Order 9066 (Feb. 1942). “War Relocation Camps” • 65% had been born in the U.S., many will serve in the U.S. armed forces • the govt. claimed to do this for national security (didn’t do this to Italian-Americans or German-Americans) • They lost personal property, businesses, and money while in the camps • Camps became like mini communities- schools, baseball teams, barber shops, etc. • Ended Jan. 1945

18. A Japanese American unfurled this banner the day after the Pearl Harbor attack. This photograph was taken in March 1942, just prior to the man's internment. Children at the Weill public school in San Francisco pledge allegiance to the American flag in April 1942, prior to the internment of Japanese Americans. Japanese American family awaiting evacuation in Hayward, California in 1942

19. *Don’t write this slide* Apology • In 1988, Congress passed and Pres. Reagan signed legislation which apologized for the internment on behalf of the U.S. govt. The legislation stated that government actions were based on "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership". About $1.6 billion in reparations were later disbursed by the U.S. government to surviving internees and their heirs.

20. 2nd. Question • Answer on back of the page (that you answered the 1st. Question) • ½ pg. to a page • Using our discussion & your opinion, was the U.S. justified in sending Japanese-Americans to the camps. Yes/No? Why/Why not? Give reasons.

21. Convert the Economy • Cost-plus contracts- the govt. agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed % of the costs as profit (the more a company produced & the faster it worked, the more money it would make) • RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation)- made loans to companies to help them cover the cost of converting to war production

22. War Production • Automobile factories began to produce: • Tanks • Jeeps • Trucks • Artillery • Rifles • Mines • Helmets • Pontoon bridges • cooking pots • Misc. military equipment

23. Henry Kaiser’s shipyards Basic cargo ship Welded- cheap, easy to build, & very hard to sink compared to riveted ships Liberty Ships

24. War Production Board • had the authority to set priorities & production goals & to control the distribution of raw materials & supplies

25. Expanding the U.S. Army • Selective Service and Training Act • Set up after FR surrendered to GY • GI’s- “government issue” (American soldiers) • African Americans segregated in the military (barracks, bathrooms, and in combat) • 1948- military integrated

26. African American unit that trained in Tuskegee, AL 99th Pursuit Squadron played an important role during the Battle of Anzio in Italy Tuskegee Airmen

27. WAC (Women’s Army Corps)- 1943 WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service)- Navy 68,000 served as nurses “Rosie the Riveter”- symbol of women in WWII 2.5 mil. worked in shipyards, aircraft factories, & manufacturing plants “I learned that just because you’re a woman and have never worked is no reason you can’t learn. The job really broadened me…I had always been in a shell; I’d always been protected. But at Boeing I found a freedom and an independence I had never known. After the war I could never go back to playing bridge again, being a clubwoman…when I knew there were things you could use your mind for. The war changed my life completely.” *Inez Sauer Women in WWII

28. Rationing- limiting the availability of: meat, sugar, gasoline, etc. (speed limit set to 35mph) DON’T WRITE INFO. BELOW! Every month, you got a book of ration coupons Blue coupons- controlled processed foods Red coupons- controlled meats, fats, oils Other coupons- controlled coffee, sugar, etc. You had to give enough coupon points to cover your purchase Rationing Stamps had a uniform value of 10 points each. The token had a value of 1 point each and was used to make change from a 10 point stamp.

30. Victory Gardens An area of land was encouraged to be used for a victory garden Would produce more food for the war effort Scrap Drives Spare rubber, tin cans, aluminum, steel, pots, rusting bicycles (oils & fats- used for the production of explosives) E bonds War bonds $50 billion worth bought during WWII Victory Gardens & E bonds

31. The End of Mussolini • April 28, 1945- after Italy was taken by the Allies, Mussolini tried to escape, but was captured and he, his mistress (Clara Petacci) and other Fascists were shot and hung in the Milan town square. (public display) Cross marking the place in Mezzegra where Mussolini was shot.

32. Hitler & Eva • Between April 27-April 29, 1945- Hitler married his long-time girlfriend, Eva Braun and wrote a letter stating the Jews were to blame for starting the war and his generals for losing it!

33. The Death of Hitler The Last Photo April 30 (Mrs. Newman’s Birthday)- Hitler and Eva took cyanide capsules to end their life. Hitler then shot himself in the head Their bodies were taken outside and burned.

34. Victory in Europe Day May 7, 1945- Gen. Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich May 8, 1945- Pres. Truman declared V-E Day V-E Day

35. March 1945- American forces took Iwo Jima April 1945- U.S. troops moved to Okinawa- Japanese started using kamikazes (“divine wind”)- suicide pilots as a last ditch effort By June 1945- Japanese resistance ended- Japan now open for invasion End of War- Japan Kiyoshi Ogawa posing before he killed himself in a kamikaze attack on the USS Bunker Hill on May 11, 1945.

36. Pres. Truman’s advisors told him an invasion of Japan would cost the Allies half a million lives The Manhattan Project was developed They would create the Atomic Bomb The end is near… A selection of U.S. sites important to the Manhattan Project.

37. Warning leaflets were dropped in Japan (“a reign of death/fire will fall if you do not surrender”) Aug. 6, 1945- Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima Aug. 9- “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki The Bombs Little Boy Fat Man

38. Aug. 15, 1945- V-J (Victory in Japan) Day declared Sep. 2, 1945- Japanese surrendered to Gen. MacArthur on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay Surrender and V-J Day