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IPX

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IPX

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    1. 1 IPX/SPX Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) Protocol originally developed by Xerox Modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for the NetWare network operating system MS calls it NWLINK Combo of protocols and carries network addr. Info - routable

    2. 2 IPX/SPX Core Protocols Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) Provides routing and internetworking services like IP Not hierarchical though Also uses datagrams to transport data and is connectionless Upper layer sub-protocols depend on IPX

    3. 3 IPX/SPX Core Protocols Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) Works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are received: Whole In sequence Error free Connection oriented protocol – must verify session before data will be transmitted

    4. 4 SPX

    5. 5 IPX/SPX Core Protocols Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) Works in the Application, presentation, and session Runs directly over IPX Used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise to entire network which services they can provide e.g. print services Broadcasts occur every 60 seconds You can increase this time or block at the router Once advertised, SAP servers maintain a Db of device names that correlate to their IPX addresses Clients query this Db for different services NDS (Netware Directory Services) replaced

    6. 6 IPX/SPX Core Protocols NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) Works over IPX w/in presentation and session Handles request for services, such as printing and file access between clients and servers Acts as a translator of requests that come from client and are answered from server(s) RIP (Routing Information Protocol) Every 30 seconds, a routing table is sent to the closest neighbor providing information about that segment’s services available

    7. 7 Addressing in SPX/IPX IPX address Easier than IP because it primarily relies on the MAC address – still needs to be unique Contains two parts Network address (external network number) The network admin decides on an 8-bit hex address and assigns it to a server Clients will use this as it’s primary server Node address – devices MAC address Socket address – communicate directly to process FULL address 000008A2:00805F059822:456h All 0’s (network) and all F’s (broadcast) are forbidden

    8. 8 Viewing the IPX Address With Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT workstations while connected to Netware server running version 4.0 or higher Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS Prompt Change directories to a drive letter mapped to the network Type nlist XXXXX /a (with XXXXX being NetWare user logon ID)

    9. 9 Viewing the IPX Address With Windows 95 or Windows NT workstations while connected to NetWare server running a version lower than 4.0 Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS Prompt Type userlist user=XXXXX/a (with XXXXX being NetWare logon ID)

    10. 10 NetBIOS and NetBEUI Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) Originally designed by IBM to provide Transport and Session layer services – small networks Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation protocol Microsoft added Application layer component called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI)

    11. 11 NetBEUI Fast and efficient protocol Consumes few network resources Provides excellent error correction Requires little configuration BUT: Can only support 254 connections Not good security No network layer – non-routable Can be encapsulated; then routed NOT good for large networks Good for peer-to-peer

    12. 12 NetBIOS and NetBEUI Compared to the OSI Model

    13. 13 NetBIOS Addressing NetBIOS name 16 or fewer alphanumeric characters Once NetBIOS has found the workstation’s name, it will discover the MAC address and use that for further communication Should match DNS (host) name WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) Converts NetBIOS name to IP address WINS vs. DNS NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP) Usage – non-routable wrapped in a routable protocol nbtstat –A ip_address

    14. 14 NetBIOS Addressing Viewing: Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties Click the Identification tab vs. TCP/IP and host name

    15. 15 AppleTalk Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computers Originally designed to support peer-to-peer networking among Macintoshes Can now be routed between network segments and integrated with NetWare- and Microsoft-based networks

    16. 16 AppleTalk AppleTalk zone Logical groups of computers defined on an AppleTalk network Enables users to share file and print services Zone names are used to describe the usage – e.g. ‘sales’ Not suited for large networks – focus on TCP/IP

    17. 17 AppleTalk Subprotocols AppleShare – file sharing, print services, accounting information AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) – access to files both locally and remote AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) – maintains connections between nodes AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) – ensures reliable delivery of data Packet sequence, retransmits

    18. 18 AppleTalk Subprotocols Name Binding Protocol (NBP) – converts numeric AppleTalk addresses to readable node names Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) – maintains routing table of AppleTalk zones and their networks Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) – used by RTMP to update zone information to link zones to their networks Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) – assigns AppleTalk node addresses and manages communication between nodes

    19. 19 Addressing in AppleTalk AppleTalk node ID Unique 8-bit or 16-bit number identifying a computer on an AppleTalk network AppleTalk randomly assigns a node id to each workstation when connected to the network AppleTalk network number Unique 16-bit number identifying the network to which an AppleTalk node is connected Allows nodes from several different networks to communicate

    20. 20 Installing Protocols After installing protocols, they must be bound Binding Process of assigning one network component to work with another re-boot (sometimes) and bound to NIC and services You should only install and bind those protocols needed – binding order will help with prioritizing traffic Multi-homed vs. multi-protocol

    21. 21 Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation Insert Windows NT installation CD-ROM Log on to the workstation as an Administrator Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties Click Protocols tab Click Add In list of network protocols, click NWLink IPX/SPX Compatible Transport, then click OK Type the appropriate path to the installation files, then click Continue

    22. 22 Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation Click OK Click Yes to restart your workstation Verify protocol was installed by again logging to workstation as an Administrator Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties Click the Protocols tab Verify NWLink (IPX/SPX) Protocol appears in list of installed protocols Click Cancel to close dialog box

    23. 23 Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation Right-click Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties Verify Configuration tab is selected Click Add Double-click Protocol In the list of manufacturers, click Microsoft In list of protocols, click TCP/IP

    24. 24 Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation Click OK If TCP/IP is not already installed on workstation, follow prompt and click Yes to restart your computer Verify protocol was installed by right-clicking Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties Verify Configuration tab is selected Click Cancel to close window

    25. 25 Chapter Summary Protocols define the standards for communication between nodes on a network Protocols vary in speed, transmission efficiency, utilization of resources, ease of setup, compatibility, and ability to travel between one LAN segment or another TCP/IP is fast becoming most popular network protocol TCP/IP suite of protocols can be divided into four layers roughly corresponding to the seven layers of the OSI Model – Application, Transport, Internet, Network Interface

    26. 26 Chapter Summary Operating in Transport or Network layers of OSI Model, TCP/IP core protocols provide communications between hosts on a network Internet Protocol (IP) provides information about how and where data should be delivered Transport Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable data delivery services User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport service Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) notifies the sender that something has gone wrong in the transmission process and that packets were not delivered

    27. 27 Chapter Summary Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) obtains the MAC address of a host or node then Creates a local database mapping the MAC address to the host’s IP address Each IP address is a unique 32-bit number, divided into four groups of octets separated by periods Range of addresses beginning with 127 is reserved for loopback information Every host on a network must have a unique number Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) is a protocol originally developed by Xerox then modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for its NetWare NOS

    28. 28 Chapter Summary Core protocols of IPX/SPX provide services at Transport and Network layers of OSI Model Internet Packet Exchange provides routing and internetwork services similar to IP in TCP/IP suite Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are received whole, in sequence, and error free Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) is used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise to entire network which services they can provide NetWare Control Protocol (NCP) handles requests for services between clients and servers

    29. 29 Chapter Summary Addresses on an IPX/SPX network are called IPX addresses Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) was originally developed by IBM to provide Transport and Session layer services Microsoft adopted NetBIOS as its foundation protocol, then added an Application layer component called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI) To transmit data between network nodes, NetBIOS needs to know how to reach each workstation AppleTalk is the the protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computers

    30. 30 Chapter Summary An AppleTalk network is separated into logical groups of computers called AppleTalk zones Though Apple has improved AppleTalk’s ability to use different network models and span network segments, it remains unsuited to large LANs or WANs In addition to zone names, AppleTalk uses node Ids and network numbers to identify computers on a network Though some protocols—such as NetBIOS—require no configuration after installation, others—such as TCP/IP—do require configuration

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