Workshop on Water Resources Demand Management Learning Forum for Irrigation

1. Workshop on Water Resources Demand Management Learning Forum for Irrigation 26-28 July 2011 JW Mariott Hotel Bangkok, Thailand

2. Workshop Problems Action/Project/Lessons Learned Suggestions/Recommendations/ Action Plan Cooperation among AMS

3. Problems & Challenges – Cambodia (1) • Inadequate legislation framework • Institutional capacity building remain limited at both national and provincial levels • Institutional structure and arrangement: limited coordination among water-related institutions

4. Problems & Challenges – Cambodia (2) • Unplanned urban and industrial development • Water resource management is not undertaken in an integrated manner

5. Problems & Challenges– Indonesia (1) Land acquisition Land use change from irrigation to residential area (around 35.000 Ha/year) Farmers’ preferrences to plant palm tree than paddy Operation and maintenance (fund, man power, discipline, etc.)

6. Problems & Challenges– Indonesia(2) Natural disaster (i.e. Eruption of Merapi Mountain which destroyed + 10,000 Ha) Catchment area degradation Availability of land and water are the main constraints

7. Problems & Challenges – Lao PDR • Conduciveness of the business environment in irrigated agriculture • market and trade • technology application, and • infrastructure development and management. • Effectiveness of public management

8. Problems & Challenges – Malaysia (1) • To provide appropriate irrigation system and infrastructures to meet demand management requirement • Small size, irregular shape and unlevel paddy fields in most paddy areas • To get farmers cooperation to practice efficient water management at tertiary level

9. Problem & Challenges – Malaysia (2) • Provision of government annual budget for O&M of irrigation scheme to support State Government • Develop seed variety that are more resistant to water stress and shorter growth duration - use less water

10. Problems - Myanmar Weakness of Water User Groups (WUGs) Low canal efficiency Lack of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) concept

11. Problem & Challenges - Philippines Management Challenges Diminishing Water Supply Balding Irrigation Watersheds Ineffective Hydraulic Regulation

12. Problems & Challenges – Thailand Limitation of new water resources development Increasing water demand (79,685 MCM in 2014 or 4.08% increase of the total water demand

13. Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (1) • Lack of awarenessof the importance of water resources management in sustainable development • Conflictsbetween protection of water resources and water supply, water security for development • Incomplete legal systemfor water resources management; • Inadequate organisation and management capacityin water resources; • Lack of mechanisms and policies, especially economic and financial policies in water resources; • Inadequate and inaccurate information and dataon water resources and constraints on information sharing

14. Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (2) • Unbalance between economic development and water resources protection; • Lack of attention to the importance of ensuring environmental flows and of water ecosystem protection when developing physical structureson rivers; • Polluted watercan contaminate rivers, lakes and wetlands; • Removal of mangrove forests and concrete lining of the banks of river and lakesis impacting on the flora cover in the basin and reducing the self-cleaning functions and natural processes of rivers; • Inappropriate exploitation of minerals and other land-based activitiesin and along our rivers seriously change the living environment for many species of flora and fauna

15. Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (3) • The uneven distribution of the river network, uneven rainfall, prolonged dry seasons resulting in water supply problems in many areas; • Quantity and quality of the surface water depends on the use of water in the upstream countries; • Inadequate infrastructure for water supply and management; • High speed of urbanisation, industrialisation and intensification of agriculture; • Lack of institutional capacity

16. Problems & Challenges - Vietnam (4) • The shifting of responsibilities for water resources management to MONRE from other ministries is not yet completed; • The institutional changes on national level are not yet completed on provincial and lower levels. • Newly founded institutions for water resources management such as the provincial Departments of Natural Resources and Environment; • The capacity of institutions on all levels to monitor, control and sanction water use, land use or water pollution remains weak

17. Technical Needs(1) Cambodia: Capacity building for govt. officials at both national and provincial level Law enforcement Myanmar: Technical Assistance Required Dissemination of PIM concept New irrigation methods

18. Technical Needs(2) Philippines Irrigation Modernization Piloting Technical Capability Enhancement Irrigation StatisticsValidation

19. Technical Needs(3) Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia

20. Financial Needs(1) Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia

21. Financial Needs (2) Myanmar:Finance Assistance Required Canal lining On-farm level investment Machineries

22. LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (1) ADB and AFD Funding Projects Key indicators to assess quality of the water management organization i) the institutional link between the management body, users, and local authorities ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan iv) gap between theoretical operation and/or maintenance plan s and reality v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and the capacity of the management body to enforce them

23. LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (2) Two major challenges for irrigation management bodies a) remaintenance and b) internal rules and regulations.

24. LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (3) FWUC capacity building requires time, so that leaders and users capacity can be increased. Skills that need to be developed by FWUC leaders relates to: 1) irrigation scheme operation capacity (how to control water, share it amongst users with equity), 2) maintenance capacity (what job should be done and when, how to make a contract with an entrepreneur, how to control the quality of the maintenance work)

25. LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (4) FWUC capacity building 3) accounting capacity (how to keep clear accounts of fee collection and expenditures) 4 ) financing capacity (how to build the fee amount, how to collect a good rate) 5) enforcement capacity (what and how to enforce)

26. LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (1) Pressures in irrigation come from population growth, water availability, land availability, etc. Comprehensive approach is needed to solve the problems, including demand management

27. LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (2) Measuresin Demand Managementcan be form of introducing a new plantation method i.e. SRI, applying clusters plantation, empowering water user association/farmers, etc. It is necessary to control population growth since population affect the most to water sector and irrigation.

28. LESSON LEARNED–Lao PDR Establishing Water User Organization (WUO) in community to manage irrigation efficiently and accept responsibility for repairs, upkeep, maintenance, and also capital replacement under Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) agreements, irrigation policy and implementation has not been successful. Communities are not able to manage asset sustainably. Irrigation schemes are not well maintained and water user organization is very weak.

29. LESSON LEARNED– Malaysia (1) • Proper irrigation scheduling can result in significant savings in irrigation time, labour, energy, and water. By carefully managing the amount of water applied, leaching of nutrients and erosion can be reduced. • No single agency entrusted with the overall planning and management of water. There is a need for one agency to pursue a more effective water management.

30. LESSON LEARNED – Malaysia (2) Lack of people awareness on WDM issues and the greater lack of trained personnel equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge on WDM Recycling drainage water for irrigation Reduce conveyance losses through canal lining and pipeline network.

31. LESSON LEARNED– Myanmar (1) Active cooperation between farmers and Irrigation Department Appropriate cropping pattern with water rotation system Wide area cultivation in area continuously

32. LESSON LEARNED– Myanmar (2) Land consolidation Farmers, organizers and supply side’s cooperation More on-farm water management trainings for farmers

33. LESSON LEARNED – Philippines (1)

34. LESSON LEARNED – Singapore (1)

35. LESSON LEARNED – Thailand (1)

36. LESSON LEARNED – Vietnam (1)

37. BEST PRACTICES Malaysia: Telemetry system to Muda area for managing water demand Information (rainfall/water level) to priorities on the effective and optimum usage of water resources, Information (water level/gate opening) for decision on water distribution

38. Best Practices - Singapore • Having larger, deeper and interconnected ponds to increase storage capacity • Adopt flexible irrigation schedule to save water by adjusting with the weather conditions. For example, do not irrigate just after rain • Irrigate in the early morning or late evening (between 4 - 7 am or 6 - 9 pm) to minimise evaporation losses and train workers to understand site conditions • Use drought tolerant turf species such as Bermuda and Zoysia grass

39. Best Practices - Singapore • Apply wetting agent to promote retention of moisture in the turf • Prevent over irrigation which can cause excessive growth and plant diseases • Design sprinklers to provide uniform water distribution and by having overlapping coverage to promote healthy turf grass. The most common and efficient sprinkler spacing is Head-to-Head whereby sprinklers are spaced at their radii • Automatic irrigation system with central control and weather station is one of the most efficient and effective irrigation system

40. Vegetable Farms Best practices - Singapore • Ponds are sized adequately so that there is sufficient irrigation water even during dry weather • Internal filter system to prevent clogging of sprinkler heads • Some have pipes underneath soil to channel excess ground water back to pond

41. Best practices - Singapore • Most farms using overhead mist irrigation system to ensure good coverage and easier absorption by plants. This helps to cool temperature as well. • Irrigation only carried out on a need basis, average once/day for 10 minutes • No irrigation is done on rainy days. Depending on soil moisture, there can be no irrigation for 2-3 days after heavy rain

42. Best practices - Singapore • Farmers do not overwater because fear of drowning and diseases such as Rhizonia • Usually covered with special type of translucent netting to allow sufficient sunlight penetration while protecting plants from excessive rain.

43. BEST PRACTICES Thailand: Increase water use efficiency through irrigation system operation and maintenance, improvement and modernization, cost recovery/sharing, and changing cropping patterns

44. Action – Indonesia Optimizing the existing water infrastructures/irrigation with prioritization, i.e. proper O&M, Rehabilitation, upgrading and construction of new irrigation networks Plantation arrangement including empowerment of water user associations Participatory approach and decentralization

45. Action Planning– Myanmar (1) New demand initiatives Extension of new agricultural lands Increase of irrigated farmlands Extension of urban areas Increase of industrial zones Village-wise small tanks in Central Dry Zone (CDZ) Transbasin water diversion projects On-farm water management farmers’ training

46. Action Planning– Myanmar (2) Poverty reduction and farmer motivation for more investment and technical know-how. Allow the cultivation of cash crops in irrigated areas Promotion of well-organized Water User Groups Promotion of farmers’ training Inviting participation from inside the country and abroad

47. Action – Thailand (1) Industry Sector: the 3 R principle (reduce reuse and recycle ) was applied in some places.

48. Action – Thailand (2) Water Efficiency for Agriculture To introduce crops and less water-consuming cultivation To apply concrete lining for irrigation system To promote drip irrigation To use treated water for irrigation

49. Action – Thailand (3) Water Efficiency for Agriculture Support technology to increase water efficiency, e.g. change in cropping pattern or research on less water-consuming crops To limit amount of water in case of water scarcity

50. Action – Vietnam (1) • Develop a uniform way of water management in all fields based on a river-basin approach. • Allow a shift in policies from supply-focused to demand-focused approach for the irrigation sector; • Strengthen the policy and institutional framework for water demand management; • Improve compliance and enforcement and deepen public participation and involvement; • Expand and diversify investment in infrastructure for irrigation