REDD+ Technical Elements

1. REDD+ Technical Elements Regional REDD+ Coordination Unit Amhara Regional State, Bahirdar February 16 & 17/2016

2. Contents Measuring and Monitoring Reference Levels and Additionality Leakage and Non-Permanence Reporting and Verification

3. Part 1: Measurement and Monitoring

4. Forest Carbon Pools 5 Different places

5. Carbon Accounting • Calculate the areaunderforestcoverusing satellite imagery (Forest Inventory) • Calculate the carbondensity (carbon stock/ha) in eachforest type • Calculate the rate of change (Activity Data, ha/yr) • Combining data on area, density, and rate to define baseline scenario • Monitor performance compared to baseline over the years

6. Measurement: IPCC Methodologies IPCC (2003) Good Practice IPCC (2006) National GHG Inventory • Explains steps for preparing national greenhouse gas emissions inventories for AFOLU • Indicates methods for measuring changes in carbon stock: • Forest cover • Biomass • Provides formulas for quantifying changes in carbon stock for all land use classes • Describes accepted methods for remote sensing • Satellite imagery (Landsat 7, 8 , SPOT, MODIS) • Radar, Lidar • Aerial photographs

7. Part 2: Reference Levels (FRL/FREL) and Additionality

9. Reference Levels/Reference Emission Levels • Methods: • Historic data • Modelled Projections • Historic data with adjustments • To calculate Forest FRL/FREL, two data sets required: • Activity data (AD) • Emission Factor (EF)

10. Activity Data: Land use change (ha/year) • Forests converted to other land uses (results in CO2 emissions) • Forests remaining as forests (CO2 sequestered or forest degradation) • Other land uses converted to forests (regeneration, CO2 Sequestered or removals) • The change in forest area should be quantified for different forest types

11. Emission Factor A) Biomass density (tons/ha): for each forest type B) Carbon Fraction:  0.5 C) CO2 conversion coefficient 44/12 =3.667 A X B X C = Emission Factor (ton CO2 equivalent/ha) Emission Factor (ton CO2e/ha) = Biomass density X 0.5 X 3.667

12. Emission/Removal (tons CO2e/year)= Activity data* Emission Factor

13. Measurement: IPCC Methodologies

15. Reference Levels/Reference Emission Levels

16. Reference levels: best practice • Suggested best practices for setting reference levels: • Use five to ten years for more accurate historic information; • (Ethiopia’s FRL is based on 13 years of historic data) • Re-calculate baseline each five to ten years • Explicitly choose conservative scenario • Indicate statistical error in baseline data; • (Ethiopia communicated the national FRL to UNFCCC in January 2016)

17. Reference Emission Level: REDD

18. Reference Level: Enhancement

19. Reference Level: Sustainable Management of Forests

20. Additionality • For national programs, additionality is proven through measuring performance against a REL or RL • Additionality is simply defined for REDD+ as “carbon • emission reductions and/or increased removals that are • additional to what would have occurred without the • REDD+ mechanism.” • For projects, other additionality tests include: • Legal/regulatory test - is project legally required? • Financial test - does project maximize net present value and rate of return without potential carbon payments? • Common practice test - is project typical for management practices in region or historic on property?

21. Leakage & Non-permanence

22. Leakage: what is it? • Human-caused changes in carbon emissions in defined spatial area outside of project boundaries but attributable to project. • Increase in emissions in one area due to a reduction of emissions in another. Exists in other sectors, not just forestry

24. Leakage • Activity Leakage: activity shifting at local to regional scale due to release of capital and labor through project activities • Examples: illegal logging moves elsewhere • REDD+ program in Amhara Regional State • and elsewhere will be Jurisdictional • (Region-wide policy and measures) • Market Leakage: market effects at regional to global scale due to reduced supply but undiminished demand • Examples: Increase log exports from another country

25. Managing leakage • Alternative livelihood development • fruit and coffee gardens • sustainable forestry • Portfolio balancing • Reforestation (wood source for timber) • Alternative energy source • Improved forest governance (legal & policy reforms) and spatial planning • Buffer credits (i.e. 10 – 40%) • National level accounting (to avoid leakage due to project level activities) • (Ethiopia’s GHG accounting for REDD+ will follow National accounting)

26. Permanence Non-permanence

27. Managing non-permanence • Management factors: vary between projects and national level programs • legal, financial, tenure, staff competency, and protection. • Buffer reserves of actual carbon storage held (about 20 – 30%) (project/National) • Insurance policies (i.e. for 100 years) to pay for lost carbon • Contracts with enforceable replacement • Land trust (covenants)

28. Part 4: Reporting and Verification (MRV)

29. Reporting and Verification

30. Reporting and Verification Part 4: Reporting and Verification

31. Summary of Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Part 4: Reporting and Verification