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Secession and Conflict: Lincoln's Presidency

Explore Lincoln's response to secession and the challenges faced during his presidency, including the Fort Sumter incident and diplomatic issues. Learn about economic stresses and wartime liberties in the North.

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Secession and Conflict: Lincoln's Presidency

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  1. Chapter 20 Lincoln came quietly to DC-7 states left/8 more possible Secession Inaugural Address: No conflict unless South provoked-”Secession not Legal”-Impractical-could not physically separate (not geographically possible) Several Questions: Uncontested secession-National Debt, Federal Territories, Fugitive Slave Issue, RR-very complex! Europeans delighted-Divide and Conquer-Monroe Doctrine?

  2. South Carolina & Fort Sumter • South seized territories and federal areas within borders, forts, arsenals, etc. • Fort Sumter-not taken-provisions could only last a couple weeks, no supplies, would have to surrender-Lincoln told South provisions would be sent yet not reinforcing-Union Naval force sent • April 12, 1861-Cannons of Carolinas opened fire-34 hour bombardment-garrison surrendered • Most Northerners did not care to fight until now • South had fired upon the U.S.-Lincoln called fro state militias for 75,000 volunteers-April leaky blockade declared • VA, AK,TN, NC seceded(11 total)

  3. Blood-Brother/Border • Border States-MO, KY, MD, DL, WV • Contained white populations totaling more than half of the entire confederacy • MD, KY, MO would almost double manufacturing output of the South & increase by half the horse and mule supply • Cumberland & Tennessee went deep into South(Ohio River) • Had to have Kentucky • Lincoln declared martial law in Maryland-also sent troops to W.Virginia and Missouri • Lincoln-”Not fighting to free blacks”-Why?-SAVE THE UNION!! • Civilized tribes in Oklahoma sided w/Confederacy(owned slaves) • Brother v. Brother

  4. Balance of Power North Advantages Disadvantages South Advantages Disadvantages

  5. Dethroning King Cotton • South counted on foreign help-Europe’s ruling classes were sympathetic-did not like democratic experiment & favored South’s semifeudal & aristocracy • Many working class in Europe pulling for North-might rid slavery (Uncle Tom’s Cabin)-3/4 of cotton from South • Why did King Cotton fail them? • Surplus from previous 3 years-Real pinch cam 1 1/2 years later yet w/ Emancipation Proclamation-no support for the South • Cotton famine helped by food from America-Union shipped to Britain- Cotton of Egypt & India increased output-War Industries in Britain needed workers • King Corn & King Wheat-huge crops in North & Britain had bad harvests-needed food

  6. Diplomacy • Trent Affair-late 1861-Union warship stopped British vessel & removed two Confederate diplomats-British enraged-Lincoln released • British also built vessels for South-(Alabama) • Eventually they attempted to end corruption but could not remain neutral-Confederate destroyers built in Britain captured more than 250 Yankee ships • 1872-Britain paid US $15.5 million in damages • Canada? Mexico?

  7. Davis/Lincoln • Confederate Constitution could not deny future secession • Davis battled w/ states’ righters-had some trouble getting some states to join the battles outside the borders • Davis always in trouble and not incredibly popular & always battling Congress(talk of impeachment) • Inclined to defy public opinion rather than lead public opinion-too large of an undertaking for anyone? • Lincoln enjoyed a long established government, financially stable & recognized • Grew as war dragged on-genious for leading public • Man who had considerable generosity & patience

  8. Denying Wartime Liberties • Defied Constitution • Presidential Powers increase in times of war-”only temporary” • Proclaimed blockade (Congress not in session) • Increased size of army • $2 million to private citizens to military purposes(Sec of Treas) • Suspended writ of habeas corpus, “supervised” voting in border states with colored ballots • Suspended certain newspapers & arrested editors • Davis could do little?

  9. Volunteers & Draftees • At first North was volunteer-by 1863 Congress passed first conscription law on national scale-Unfair to poor-$300 men • Draft riot in New York • More than 90% of Union men were volunteer-eventually generous $ for volunteers-with $ came unsavory volunteers-200,000 deserters • Confederacy much less populous-had to start w/ conscription much earlier-17-50 year olds • Privileges in South as well-hard feelings between rich and poor

  10. Economic Stresses • North handled economy of war much better than South • Excise taxes increased on alcohol and tobacco-Income tax passed also • Passed higher tariff(Republican) • Greenbacks, sale of bonds-marketed bonds through private banks • National Banking System-1863-stimulate government bonds, standard notes, first bank since 1836 • South suffered from blockade, sold bonds, increased taxes, 10% increase on farm produce-not effective-states’ rightists • Printed worthless $ as revenue dried up-9,000% inflation

  11. North’s Economic Boom • Prosperity ruled in the North-factories protected by tariffs-manufacturers flourished-new millionaire class • Northern manufacturers supplied poor products & gained huge $ • Labor saving machines allowed North still produce w/ men gone • Reapers helped feed & sent abroad to dethrone King Cotton • Petroleum-1859-New Industry • Homestead Act of 1862! • Opportunities for women

  12. Crushed King Cotton • Fighting & Blockade took toll on South-30% of nation’s wealth in 1860, only 12% by 1870-per capita income fell dramatically • Pulled up RR lines, melted window weights • North’s captains of industry had conquered South’s Lords of Manor • North-Full fledged Industrial Revolution-dominance in politics and economics • Cotton Capitalism lost to Industrial Capitalism

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