如何撰写英文摘要

1. 如何撰写英文摘要 崔金钟 2011-6-21

2. 自我介绍 中国植物学会出版专业委员会副主任 中国科学院植物研究所文献信息中心主任 生物多样性信息学重点实验室主任 《生命世界》主编 电话 (传真)：010-62836136 Email：cuijz@ibcas.ac.cn

3. 如何撰写和编辑英文摘要 • 摘要概念 • 摘要基本类型和内容 • 摘要特点 • 摘要时态 • 摘要人称和语态 • 摘要常用句式 • 摘要写作步骤 • 关键词

4. 科技论文的结构The structure of scientific paper • 题目 Title • 作者 Author • 作者单位和地址 Affiliation and address • 摘要 Abstract • 关键词 Key words • 引言 Introduction • 材料与方法 Materials and methods • 结果 Results • 讨论 Discussion • 致谢 Acknowledgments (optional) • 引文 References • 附录 Appendices(optional)

5. The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion • Abstract • Introduction • Materials and Methods • Results • Discussion

6. Abstract • Introduction • Results • Discussion • Materials and Methods The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion

7. What is an abstract? • 国家标准GB 644786对摘要的定义为: “以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文.”

8. What is an abstract? • An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writing's contents in abbreviated form

9. What is an abstract? What is the problem? Introduction How did I solve the problem? Materials and Methods What did I find out? Results What does it mean? Discussion What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract

10. What is an abstract? • What did I do in a nutshell?Abstract

11. Abstract:Why is it important? • 通常是你文章最先被阅读到的部分； • 如果你的摘要不好，你就无法吸引审者和读者的注意； • 论文审者通常仅仅根据你的摘要就对你的论文作出了初步判断； • A good Abstract is usually followed by a good paper. A bad abstract often indicates a bad paper. Beijing – 10/11 December 2008 How to get published

12. What is an abstract? 摘要的基本特点： • 通常为一段（偶多段）， 应统一、连贯、简明、独立； • 应顺序体现论文的目的、方法、结果、结论和建议等； • 各个部分之间联系和转换逻辑上要严谨； • 不添加论文涉及范围以外的新信息，但可以总结本文

13. What is an abstract? 摘要的基本特点： • 能被更加广泛的读者理解； • 通常用被动语态，弱化作者，强化信息; • 格式要规范 不用非共知共用的符号和术语 一般不出现插图、表格，参考文献序号 一般不用数学公式和化学结构式

14. What is an abstract? An effective abstract has the following qualities: • uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone. • uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the paper's purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in that order. • provides logical connections (or transitions) between the information included.

15. What is an abstract? An effective abstract has the following qualities: • adds no new information, but simply summarizes the paper. • is understandable to a wide audience. • oftentimes uses passiveverbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information.

16. What types of abstracts are typically used? • 报道型摘要（Informative abstract） • 指示型摘要（Indicative/Descriptive abstract） • 报道-指示型摘要（Informative/Descriptive-indicative abstract）

17. Informative abstract 报道型摘要 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文。 该种摘要不但包含研究目的、方法，同时还提供给读者研究结果、结论和建议

18. Informative abstract • communicate specific information from the paper. • include the purpose, methods, and scope of the paper. • provide the paper's results, conclusions, and recommendations. • are short ---- from a paragraph to a page or two • allow readers to decide whether they want to read the paper.

19. Informative abstract 报道性摘要分为传统型或非结构式（non-structured）和结构式(structured)两大类型。 传统型或非结构式 报道性摘要 半结构式 结构式 全结构式

20. Informative abstract • 非结构式摘要或传统型，上述要素以一定的逻辑关系连续写出，不分段落或以明显的标识加以区分。比较而言，段落不够分明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。

21. Informative abstract • 结构式摘要，上述要素分段或以一定的标识给予区分。段落清晰、明了，便于编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机检索。 • 结构式摘要根据包含上述要素的多少，可分为全结构式和半结构式摘要。

22. Informative abstract 全结构式（full-structured）摘要： 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth创导下，美国Annuals of Internal Medicine 在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。

23. Informative abstract Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素： • 目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题 • 设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括研究的性质 • 地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级 • 对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法

24. Informative abstract Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素 5，处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法 6．主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目 7．结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果 8．结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义。

25. Informative abstract 全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长, 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要。

26. Informative abstract 半结构式(semi-structured)摘要： 半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括： 目的（objective/purpose/aim） 方法（methods） 结果（results） 结论（conclusion） 采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体要求而定。

27. Indicative abstract 指示型摘要 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract), 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。 该种摘要通常包含研究目的、方法，但不提供研究结果、结论和建议等，只有阅读全文才能得知具体的结果和结论。

28. Informative-indicative abstract 报道-指示型摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。

29. Parts of an Abstract The abstract is a very brief overview of your ENTIRE study. It tells the reader： WHATyou did, WHY you did it, HOW you did it, WHAT you found, WHAT it means.

30. Parts of an Abstract The abstract should briefly state： the purpose of the research (introduction), how the problem was studied (methods), the principal findings (results), what the findings mean (discussion and conclusion). It is important to be descriptive but concise say only what is essential, using no more words than necessary to convey meaning.

31. Tense of Abstract 说法一：从理论上讲 • 一般现在时通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论，揭示自然界的客观规律。 • 一般过去时在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象的规律性认识，这种认识也许有一定的局限性。 • 现在完成时表明过程的延续性，虽某事件（或过程）发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响。 • 以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和现在完成时

32. Tense of Abstract 说法二：EI 数据库建议： 用过去时态叙述作者工作； 用现在时态叙述作者结论 说法三: 论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所取得的结果，无论是过去，还是现在或将来都是如此。故常用现在时表达

33. Tense of Abstract 摘要写作时所采用的时态应视情况而定, 力求表达自然、妥当. 写作中可大致遵循以下原则 • 介绍背景资料时, 如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实, 应使用现在时 • Agrobacterium rhizogenescauses hairy root disease in plants. • Among plant secondary metabolites terpenoids are a structurally most diverse group • Synthetic genetic approaches often reveal potential interacting partners for any given target protein

34. Tense of Abstract • 介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成时 • The advances in molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to stresses. • DNA microarrays have long been the established technology for measuring gene expression levels • It has been known that the transverse orientation …is essential for normal cell morphogenesis

35. Tense of Abstract • 介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成时 4, Water deficit-induced ABA accumulationis one of the most important stress signaling pathways in plant cells. Redox regulation of cellular signaling has currently attracted particular attention, but much less is known about its roles and mechanisms in plant signaling.

36. Tense of Abstract • 在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采用“论文导向”, 多使用现在时 (如: This paper presents…) • This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors. • The paper aims to establish a feasible and meaningful method to describe …. • This review focuses on the contribution of electron techniques to our understanding of cellular processes

37. Tense of Abstract • 在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采用“研究导向”, 则使用过去时(如: This study investigated…) • This study investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients …. • Our aim was to explore the relationship between the response of antioxidant enzymes and temperature in the two invasive weeds • The present study investigated whether NO activity is involved in the signaling of drought-induced protective responses

38. Tense of Abstract • 概述实验程序、方法时, 通常用现在时 • We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing …. • We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a …detector • We report here that immature thymocytes lacking ….

39. Tense of Abstract • 概述实验程序、方法时, 通常用现在时,但描述的是具体已经发生的行为和动作时,用过去时 • To investigate the mechanisms controlling flowering time, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants with late-flowering phenotypes. One mutant was identified with delayed flowering time. • A plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus was analyzed.

40. Tense of Abstract • 概述主要结果时, 通常用现在时 • Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. • The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique …. • We present the results of two analyses of DNA sequences from ….

41. Tense of Abstract • 概述主要结果时, 但是也有相当的刊物用过去时 • The results showed that children’s material needs and basic requirements …. • Multivariate analyses revealed very high genetic correlations among the variables.

42. Tense of Abstract • 叙述结论或建议时, 可使用现在时、臆测动词或may, should, could等助动词 • We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the meting of …. • Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt

43. 摘要的人称和语态 有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为， 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明， 科技论文中被动语态的使用在19201970年曾经比较流行， 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确， 且更易阅读，因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态，国际知名科技期刊Nature、 Cell等尤其如此， 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。

44. 摘要的常用句式 引言部分 • 回顾研究背景, 常用词汇有: review, summarize, present, outline, describe等 • We review evidence for this view of …. • This paper outlines some of the basic methods and discusses related theoretical and practical issues. • We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as …. • We present estimators for several …. • We describe the conceptual background and development of ….

45. 摘要的常用句式 引言部分 • 阐明写作或研究目的, 常用词汇有: purpose, attempt, aim等; 另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达 • We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. • To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2’s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. • For comparison purposes we present some …. • With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived ….

46. 摘要的常用句式 引言部分 • 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围, 常用的词汇有: study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 • This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the relationship with …. • This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks. • We emphasize the following points …. • The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of …. • We draw attention to two problems associated with ….

47. 摘要的常用句式 方法部分 • 介绍研究或试验过程, 常用词汇有: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 • We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells …. • This paper examines how the molecular shapes of …. • This paper discusses a class of models for …. • This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function.

48. 摘要的常用句式 方法部分 • 说明研究或试验方法, 常用词汇有: measure, estimate, calculate等 • This study presents estimates of lifetime …. • We assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 µm emission. • We provide a analytic procedure to calculate the equilibrium profiles

49. 摘要的常用句式 方法部分 • 介绍应用、用途, 常用词汇有: use, apply, application等 • Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach. • As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm. • We apply the network to the source separation problem.

50. 摘要的常用句式 结果部分 • 展示研究结果, 常用词汇有: show, result, present, demonstrate等 • We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of …. • Our resultsshow that p53 exerts a significant in …. • The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique will contribute to ….