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NERDS 2012 Pre-Session #2 Content Lecture: Flora and Fauna Experimental Design

NERDS 2012 Pre-Session #2 Content Lecture: Flora and Fauna Experimental Design. Jennifer Hollander. Ecosystems, again Elevation at Portola ~4800 feet. Whitebark pine/ white fir. Lodgepole forest. Jeffrey pine. Plant adaptations in this region.

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NERDS 2012 Pre-Session #2 Content Lecture: Flora and Fauna Experimental Design

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  1. NERDS 2012 Pre-Session #2Content Lecture: Flora and FaunaExperimental Design Jennifer Hollander

  2. Ecosystems, againElevation at Portola ~4800 feet Whitebark pine/ white fir Lodgepole forest Jeffrey pine

  3. Plant adaptations in this region • Ideal for conifers: numerous species, specially adapted • Many plants have shallow root systems to absorb moisture from snowmelt • Hot summers and cold winters • Conifers have needles to withstand moisture loss • Many shrubs have waxy coating on the leaves • Fire adaptations • Historic fires every 10 – 20 years, low-intensity ground fires • Adaptions for seed dispersal

  4. Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) • 3 needles per fascicle • Long needles (4-8”) • Cones about 5” long with sharp prickle on end (medium sized) • Seeds winged, smaller than Jeffrey or sugar pine seeds

  5. Jeffrey Pine(Pinusjeffreyi) • 3 needles (long) • Cones larger (6-9 in) with inward barbs • Larger seeds, with wings • “vanilla” scent???

  6. Ponderosa vs. Jeffrey

  7. Sugar Pine (Pinuslambertiana) • Very long cones (~20 in) • 5 needled pine • Mid-elevation • Very large, dark seeds with frail wings

  8. Western White Pine(Pinusmonticola) • Long, cylindrical cones • Large winged seeds • Needles ~3” long and 5 in a bundle • High elevation

  9. Whitebark Pine(Pinusalbicaulis) • Very high elevation (sub-alpine) • 5-needled pine • Cones purple when ripe, don’t open

  10. Lodgepole Pine(Pinuscontorta) • Needles short (~2” long) and in bundles of 2 • Cones small and have sharp prickles • serotinous cones

  11. Fir Trees(Abies spp.) Red Fir • Cones disintegrate when mature, stalk remains on tree • Soft needles White Fir

  12. Douglas-fir • Not a true fir… • Different cone shape • Cones drop from the tree

  13. Bush Chinquapin(Castanopsissempervirens) • Shrub ~4 ft tall with slender, pointed leaves • Spiny cupule enclosing 3 seeds

  14. Greenleaf Manzanita(Arctostaphylospatula) • Twisted reddish-brown stems • Oval, flat, shiny leaves

  15. Tobacco Brush(Ceanothusvelutinus) • Oval leaves with serrated edges • White flowers • Seeds ballistically dispersed

  16. Sierra currant Common berry-producing shrubs: Elderberry Sierra gooseberry Serviceberry

  17. Common threats to vegetation Pine beetle Mistletoe Blister rust

  18. Adaptations by animals to living in the local climate (migrate, hibernate or tolerate) • Behavioral adaptations: • Burrowing • Altering active times of day • Diurnal • Nocturnal • Crepuscular • Others • Physiological adaptations: • Entering torpor or hibernation

  19. Yellow-pine chipmunk • 36 – 50 grams (smaller than others in its range) • Drab brown Lodgepolechipmunk • 60-75 grams (medium sized) • More brightly colored

  20. Long-eared chipmunk 80 – 100 grams Townsend’s chipmunk 100+ grams

  21. Golden-mantled ground squirrel(Spermophiluslateralis) • Striped back, but no facial stripes • Golden-brown neck and shoulders

  22. Deer mice • Nocturnal • Tan/grey back and head, white underneath • Large ears • Hanta virus

  23. Common Freshwater Insect Larvae • Mayflies – Order Ephemeroptera • Stoneflies – Order Plecoptera • Caddisflies – Order Trichoptera • Midges – Order Diptera, Family Chironomidae • Dragonflies/damselflies – Order Odonata

  24. Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) • Identification of Larvae • Long posterior filaments (ususally 3) • Gills on first seven abdominal segments • Adults vestigial, live for hours to days, non-feeding, reproduction only. • Hold wings vertically at rest • Second set of wings smaller than first

  25. Plecoptera (Stoneflies) • Identification of Larvae • Two long cerci (appendages) on posterior end • Elongate flattened body • Adults • Elongate antennae • 10 abdominal segments • Wings long, membranous, and fold over an around abdomen at rest.

  26. Trichoptera (Caddisflies) • Identification of Larvae • Caterpillar-like, build and live in cases (silk + debris) • Generally six legs on first three (thoracic) segments • Abdominal prolegs on terminal segment. • Adults • Moth-like, but body and wings with short hairs • Wings tented (roof-like) in vertical plane cover abdomen at rest. • Long antennae

  27. Odonata (dragonflies/damselflies) • Identification of larvae • Long, hinged labium • Large compound eye • Short antennae • Adults

  28. Chironomidae (midges) • Identification of larvae • Worm-like • C-shaped • No true legs, but two pairs of prolegs (one anterior, one posterior) • Adults • Flies

  29. Experimental Design • Basic Requirements of an Experiment • Different treatments are administered to different groups of subjects. • What does this mean in practical terms?

  30. Experimental Design • Treatment • A classification, category, or factor. • Group of Subjects • A sample • Numerical counts of key metrics • Finally, replication is needed for statistical power • Sample replication • Treatment replication

  31. Case Study #1

  32. Case Study #2 • Seed removal transect • 3 sites (habitats) • 5 treatments (species) • 300 “stations” • 60 replicates of each treatment

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