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DNA & RNA

DNA & RNA. CHEM&131 Spring, 2012 North Seattle Community College. Ingrid Draney Tonya Karp Anton Leitner. Structures of DNA & RNA - Anton - key terms - DNA - RNA Types of RNA - Anton - m-RNA - t-RNA - r-RNA Process of Transcription - Ingrid

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DNA & RNA

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  1. DNA & RNA CHEM&131 Spring, 2012 North Seattle Community College Ingrid Draney Tonya Karp Anton Leitner

  2. Structures of DNA & RNA - Anton - key terms - DNA - RNA • Types of RNA - Anton - m-RNA - t-RNA - r-RNA • Process of Transcription - Ingrid • Process of Translation - Tonya • References List Outline

  3. •Sugar + Phosphate + Nucleotide Base = DNA Nucleotide •4 nucleotide variations DNA Components All Images Gathered From: (Simon, Reece, Dickey & Campbell, 2007)

  4. •Hydrogen bonds between bases •Double Helix •Deoxyribonucleic Acid •Instructions of human formation Structure of DNA All Images Gathered From: (Simon, Reece, Dickey & Campbell, 2007)

  5. Thymine: O is negatively charged NH is positively charged Adenine: NH2 is positively charged N is negatively charged H-Bond Sites Guanine: O is negatively charged N is positively charged NH2 is positively charged Cytosine: NH2 is positivly charged N is negatively charged O is negatively charged Image Gathered From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemica_structure.svg

  6. •Backbone is made of deoxyribose •Two polynucleotides H-bonded together •Contains the nucleotides A, T, C, and G •Backbone is made ribose •Single polynucleotide •Contains the nucleotides A, U, C, and G •This is one of three types of RNA DNA vs. RNA Image Gathered From: http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/types-of-dna-and-rna

  7. Types of RNA All Images Gathered From: (Simon, Reece, Dickey & Campbell, 2007)

  8. Transcription: Transfer of genetic information from a DNA molecule to a molecule of messenger RNA. (Chemistry For Today, Spencer L Seager, 7e, 2011) Process of Transcription images taken from: Michigan State University May 4,2012

  9. RNA synthesis begins at the 3' end of the DNA template and proceeds towards the 5' end. The complementary RNA strand is formed from the bases C, G, A, and U. Uracil (U) is the complement of adenine (A) on the DNA template. Direction of strand ---------> DNA template: 5' G-C-A-A-C-T-T-G 3' New mRNA: 3' C-G-U-U-G-A-A-C 5' <--------- direction of strand New mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction 5' C-A-A-G-U-U-G-C 3' (Chemistry For Today, Spencer L Seager, 7e, 2011) Process of Transcription

  10. Process of Transcription Image taken from: Thompson Learning. Biology interactive. May 4, 2012

  11. In Eukaryotes, it takes place in the nucleus • Introns and Exons are transcribed Introns: No code for amino acids Exons: Coded for amino acids • DNA unwinds, exposing sequence to be transcribed • mRNA forms on the DNA template • DNA strands rewind • Synthesized mRNA is completed • Transcription has 3 stages: • Binding and Initiation: • Elongation • Termination (Chemistry For Today,Spencer L Seager, 7e, 2011) Process of Transcription

  12. Process of Transcription Image taken from: About.com May 4, 2012 Binding and Initiation: RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to a promoter on the double-stranded DNA molecule. (Microbiology a Human Perspective, 5e, Nester, Anderson,Roberts, Nester)

  13. Process of Transcription image taken from about.com May 4, 2012 Elongation:The RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA, synthesizing the complementary single stranded RNA molecule (Microbiology a human perspective, 5e, Nester, Anderson,Roberts, Nester)

  14. Process of Transcription Image taken from about.com May 4, 2012 Termination: RNA synthesis stops. At this point, no more RNA nucleotides are added and the mRNA is released. (Microbiology a human perspective, 5e, Nester, Anderson,Roberts, Nester)

  15. Image taken from Google images, May 4 2012 Process of Transcription

  16. What is the BIG PICTURE? Process of Translation Transcription + = PROTEIN SYNTHESIS! Translation (Hoehn, Marieb, 2010)

  17. Some Sweet-Lookin' Proteins Process of Translation (Quaternary.gif, Myoglobin.png)

  18. Why are Proteins Kind of a Big Deal? Over 2 MILLION proteins in our bodies! Process of Translation Serve an amazing variety of functions, including: Enzymes Act as biological catalysts, regulate cellular metabolism Movement Produce muscle contraction. Ex: Actin & Myosin Storage Storage of 20 essential amino acids Communication Receptors for signals (Blackouttees.com, 2011) Structural Support Form components of tissues, cytoskeleton Transport Moves stuff around. Ex: hemoglobin moves oxygen in blood Hormonal Regulation Regulation of chemical levels and bodily functions. Ex: insulin, oxytocin Immunity/Defense Antibodies (Bailey, R., Iverson, H., proteian.blogspot, 2012)

  19. So what are proteins? Proteins are... • One of the four main groups of organic compounds in the body: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins • Polymers (chains) of amino acids Process of Translation Amino acids are linked together by PEPTIDE BONDS: a COVALENT bond between carboxyl & amino groups. ACID AMINE 2 linked amino acids = dipeptide 10-50 linked amino acids = polypeptide 50+ linked aminos = protein! (Amino-Acid.jpg, 2012)

  20. Twenty Standard Amino Acids Process of Translation (aminoacids.jpg)

  21. Some Vocab m-RNA codons: 1st, 2nd, & 3rd bases: Triplet : Sequence of 3 nucleotide bases (A, G, T, & C) on DNA. Each triplet is like a "word" that codes for a particular amino acid. Process of Translation Codon : The complementary (i.e. the opposite) sequence on m-RNA. Anti-codon : The complementary (again, the OPPOSITE) sequence on t-RNA (except T is replaced by U.) Each codon (set of 3 bases) codes for a particular amino acid. The aminos are abbreviated in the chart at right, but are shown in full below. (Hoehn, Marieb, 2010)

  22. Translation Process OVERVIEW: 1) m-RNA exits nucleus via nuclear pore,1)m-RNA exits nucleus, gets guided to the ribosome by & goes to ribosome m-RNA complex proteins. Concurrently, t-RNA (energized by ATP) t-RNA gets an amino gets an amino acid via aminoacyl-t-RNA-synthelase. Process of Translation 2)t-RNA's head bearing anti-codon 2) t-RNA also goes to recognizes the complementary codon ribosome calling for it at the Ribosome, and h-bonds to it at the "A" site. 3) Ribosome moves along the mRNA. 3) Ribosome is a - Each codon is read in sequence. "physical" enzyme that - Aminos on t-RNA get peptide-bonded catalyzes peptide to each other, forming a protein at the bonds between amino "P" site acids, forming proteins - Protein is released when "stop codon" is read. 4) t-RNA lost its amino at the "P" site and 4) t-RNA jumps off the is moved to the "E" site, then released to ribosome and the cytoplasm, ready to be recharged with the process starts a new amino. over. (MRNA-interaction.png)

  23. Step 1: Detail Process of Translation (Hoehn, Marieb, 2010)

  24. Steps 2 & 3: Detail Process of Translation (Hoehn, Marieb, 2010)

  25. Steps 2 & 3 : Another Look Process of Translation (highered.mcgraw-hill)

  26. Step 4: Detail Process of Translation (Hoehn, Marieb, 2010)

  27. Recap: Information Transfer from DNA to RNA to Protein Process of Translation During Transcription: Info is transferred from DNA triplets to m-RNA codons. During Translation: m-RNA codons are "read" by t-RNA anticodons. Notice that t-RNA anti-codons reestablish the triplet sequence on DNA!!! (except T is replaced by U.) (Hoehn, Marieb, 2010)

  28. Ingrid Draney, Tonya Karp and Anton Leitner MAIN BACKGROUND IMAGE: Function-of-Mitochondrial-DNA.jpg. (2012.) Retrieved from: http://www.mitochondrialdnatesting.com/images/function-of-mitochondrial-dna.jpg SLIDES 3 – 7: Simon, E., Reece, J., Dickey, J., & Campbell, N. (2007). The Molecules of Life. In M. Young & B. Wilbur (Eds.), Essential Biology (pp. 49-50). Glenview, IL: Pearson Education Inc. Types of DNA and RNA. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/types-of- dna-and-rna Slide 8 Picture taken from: http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/nucacids.htm (June 4, 2012, Michigan State University.edu) Definition of Transcription taken from: Chemistry for Today, 7th edition.Spencer L. Seager and Michael R. Slabaugh, pg. 651 Slide 9 Explanation of RNA synthesis and example is taken from textbook. Chemistry for Today, 7th edition.Spencer L. Seager and Michael R. Slabaugh, pg. 653 Slide 10 Picture taken from:Thompson learning, Biologyinteractive, six edition on May 4, 2012 • http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/12/ch12c2.html Slide 11 RNA synthesis and example is taken from textbook. Chemistry for Today, 7th edition.Spencer L. Seager and Michael R. Slabaugh, pg. 652 Slide 12 Picture of initiation taken from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/biochemistry/ss/transcription_4.htm (May 4, 2012, about.com) Short paraphrase of Binding and Initiation is taken from: Microbiology a human perspective 5th edition by Eugene W. Nester, Denise G Anderson and C. Evans Roberts and Martha T. Nester. page 175 References 1/3

  29. Ingrid Draney, Tonya Karp and Anton Leitner Slide 13 Picture of Elongation taken from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/biochemistry/ss/transcription_6.htm (May 4, 2012, about.com) Short definition of elongation paraphrased from: Microbiology a human perspective 5th edition by Eugene W. Nester, Denise G Anderson and C. Evans Roberts and Martha T. Nester. page 175 Slide 14 Picture of Termination taken from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/biochemistry/ss/transcription_7.htm (May 4, 2012, about.com) Short paraphrase of termination is taken from: Microbiology a human perspective 5th edition by Eugene W. Nester, Denise G Anderson and C. Evans Roberts and Martha T. Nester. page 175 Slide 15 Picture taken from Google images on May 4, 2012 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=transcription+initiation+elongation+and+termination&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1280&bih=610&tbm=isch&tbnid=V7JRreDx0vU1GM:&imgrefurl=http://www.drpeterjdadamo.com/wiki/wiki.pl/Transcription_(DNA_transcription)&docid=2I0znG2ZPMe7TM&imgurl=http://www.dadamo.com/wiki/transcript.jpg&w=400&h=374&ei=cg7OT9Rq5p7aBZiF1LwM&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=618&vpy=259&dur=3065&hovh=217&hovw=232&tx=158&ty=149&sig=102545888342020841599&page=2&tbnh=122&tbnw=130&start=21&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:21,i:126 SLIDES 16 – 27: Aminoacids.jpg. (n.d.) Image Retrieved on June 4, 2012 from:http://www.geneinfinity.org/images/aminoacids.jpg Amino-Acid.jpg. (2012). Skengtraining.com. Retrieved on June 4, 2012 from: http://skengtraining.com/wp-content/uploads/amino-acid.jpg Bailey, R. (n.d.) Protein Function. Information consulted on June 4, 2012 from: http://biology.about.com/od/molecularbiology/a/aa101904a.htm BlackoutTees.com. (2011). I’m Kind of a Big Deal product page. Image Retrieved from: http://www.blackouttees.com/design/118+Im+Kind+of+a+Big+Deal+Funny+Anchorman+T-shirt References 2/3

  30. Ingrid Draney, Tonya Karp and Anton Leitner Highered.mcgraw-hill (n.d.) Image of Translation At the Ribosome Retrieved on June 4, 2012 from: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078694639/167361/404_113_q10.jpg Hoehn, K., Marieb, E.N.. (2010). Human Anatomy & Physiology (8th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education. Iverson, H. (Spring, 2012). “Chapter 2, Chemistry Review” Powerpoint slides for BIOL&241. North Seattle Community College. MRNA-interaction.png. (2007). Image Retrieved on June 4, 2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MRNA-interaction.png Myoglobin.png. (n.d.) Retrieved on June 4, 2012 from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein Proteian.blogspot.com. (2012). General Information on Functions of Proteins. Consulted:http://proteian.blogspot.com/ Quaternary.gif. (n.d.) Retrieved on June 4, 2012 from:http://students.cis.uab.edu/trumpet/Quaternary.gif References 3/3

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