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Characteristics and Life Functions of Living Things

This chapter covers the characteristics of living things, including their cellular structure, ability to sense and respond to stimuli, reproduction, possession of DNA, use of energy, and growth and development.

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Characteristics and Life Functions of Living Things

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  1. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank CNN Videos Visual Concepts

  2. It’s Alive!! Or Is It? Chapter 2 Table of Contents Section 1 Characteristics of Living Things Section 2 The Necessities of Life

  3. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Bellringer • What are four living and nonliving things that you interact with every day? How do you know whether each is living or nonliving? Do you know what the word inanimate means? If so, write out a definition. Does nonliving mean the same thing as dead? Explain your answer. • Write your answers in your science notebook.

  4. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Objectives • Describe the six characteristics of living things. • Describe how organisms maintain stable internal • conditions. • Explain how asexual reproduction differs from sexual • reproduction.

  5. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Living Things Have Cells • All living things are composed of • one or more cells. • A cell is a membrane-covered • structure that contains all of the • materials necessary for life. • Some organisms are made up of • only one cell and some are made • up of trillions of cells. In an • organism with many cells, • different kinds of cells perform • specialized functions.

  6. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Living Things Sense and Respond to Change • Astimulusis anything that causes a reaction or change in an organism or any part of an organism.

  7. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Living Things Sense and Respond to Change • Homeostasisis the maintenance • of a stable internal environment. • Responding to External Change • Organisms must respond to • change in the external • environment in order to maintain • their homeostasis.

  8. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Discussion! • What do you do when you go outside and the air is cold? • Feeling cold is a stimulus and your reaction to the cold is a response. • How do people use technology to improve their ability to respond to environmental stimuli? • examples: furnaces to heat buildings, air conditioners to cool buildings, and sunglasses to shield eyes from bright sunlight

  9. Section2.1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 • Reading Check:How do some animals maintain • homeostasis? • They control their body temperature by • moving from one environment to another. If • they get too warm, they move to the shade. • If they get too cool, they move out into the • sunlight.

  10. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Living Things Reproduce • Organisms make other • organisms similar to • themselves. • In sexual reproduction, • two parents produce offspring • that will share characteristics • of both parents.

  11. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Living Things Reproduce • Organisms make other • organisms identical to • themselves. • In asexual reproduction, • a single parent produces • offspring that are identical • to the parent. (In the animal kingdom there are very few examples of asexual reproduction. The fact that animals have complex bodies makes it difficult for them to break into two or grow a bud. There are some examples amongst the simple animals. One good example is the Hydra which lives in freshwater ponds and streams. The Hydra shows budding similar to that of yeasts. An adult Hydra will develop a swelling on the side of its body. This will grow into a daughter bud. Eventually this daughter will grow tentacles and start to feed itself by catching small water animals. At this point it breaks off from the mother Hydra and floats freely until it lands on a support.)

  12. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Living Things Have DNA • The cells of all living things contain the molecule • deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. • DNA controls the structure and function of cells. • The passing of traits through DNA is calledheredity.

  13. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Living Things Use Energy • Organisms use energy to carry out the activities of life. • An organism’s metabolismis the total of all of the chemical activities that the organism performs.

  14. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Living Things Grow and Develop • All living things, whether they are made of one cell or many cells, grow during periods of their lives. • Living things may develop and change as they grow.

  15. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 QUICK CHECK QUIZ!!! • Explain how you can tell that an apple tree is a living thing. • Apple trees have the six characteristics of living • things: they have cells, they sense and respond to • change, they have DNA, they can reproduce, they use energy, and they grow. • What is the difference between growth and development? • Growth is an increase in size. Development is a change in the form of an organism that happens as it grows.

  16. Section1 Characteristics of Living Things Chapter 2 Section 2.1 Review • Organisms are made of one or more cells. • Organisms detect and respond to stimuli. • Organisms make more organisms like themselves • by reproducing either asexually or sexually. • Organisms have DNA. • Organisms use energy to carry out the chemical • activities of life. • Organisms grow and develop.

  17. Chapter 2 Section2 The Necessities of Life Bellringer • What do you think your mass would be if there were no water in your body? What else besides water is your body composed of? Where do you think you get the minerals that make up your body mass? • Record your answers in your science notebook.

  18. Chapter 2 Section2 The Necessities of Life Objectives • Explain why organisms need food, water, air, and • living space. • Describe the chemical building blocks of cells.

  19. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Water • Your cells and the cells of almost all living organisms are approximately 70% water. Most of the chemical reactions involved in metabolism require water. Who needs water?!!!

  20. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Air • Air is a mixture of several different gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide. Most living things use oxygen in the chemical process that releases energy from food.

  21. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 A Place to Live • All organisms need a place to live that contains all of the things they need to survive. Space on Earth is limited, so organisms are often in competition with each other. Food • All living things need food. Food gives organism energy and the raw material needed to carry on life processes.

  22. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Food, continued • Making Food Some organisms, such as plants, are called producers. Producerscan make their own food by using energy from their surroundings.

  23. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Food, continued • Taking Food Other organisms are called consumersbecause they must eat (consume) other organisms to get food. Decomposersare consumers that get their food by breaking down the nutrients in dead organisms or animal wastes.

  24. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Comparing Consumers and Producers Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

  25. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Putting It All Together • All organisms need to break down food in • order to use the nutrients in it. • Nutrients are made up of molecules. • Molecules found in living things are usually made • up of six elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, • oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

  26. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Proteins • Proteinsare large molecules made of smaller • molecules called amino acids. • Making Proteins Organisms break down the • proteins in food to supply their cells with amino • acids that are then linked together to form new • proteins. • Proteins in Action Some proteins form structures • that are easy to see. Other proteins help cells do • their jobs. Proteins called enzymes start or speed • up chemical reactions in cells.

  27. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Carbohydrates • Molecules made of sugars are called carbohydrates. • Simple Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates are • made up of one sugar molecule or a few sugar • molecules linked together. • Complex Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates are • made of hundreds of sugar molecules linked • together. Plants store extra sugar as complex • carbohydrates known as starch.

  28. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Lipids • Lipidsare energy-storing compounds that cannot mix • with water. • Phospholipidsare the molecules that form much of • the cell membrane. • Fats and Oils Fats and oils are lipids that store • energy. When an organism has used up most of its • carbohydrates, it can get energy from these lipids.

  29. Chapter 2 Section2 The Necessities of Life

  30. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 ATP • Adenosine triphosphate, • or ATP, is the major • energy-carrying molecule • in cells. • The energy in • carbohydrates • and lipids must first be • transferred to ATP, which • then provides fuel for • cellular activities.

  31. Chapter 2 Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids are large molecules made • up of subunits called nucleotides. • Nucleic acids, like DNA, are sometimes • called the blueprintsof life because they • have all the information needed for a cell • to make proteins.

  32. Section2 The Necessities of Life Chapter 2 Nucleic Acid Visual Concept

  33. Chapter 2 The Necessities of Life Section Review • Organisms need water for cellular processes. • Organisms need oxygen to release the energy • contained in their food. • Organisms must have a place to live. • Cells store energy in carbohydrates, which are made • of sugars. • Proteins are made up of amino acids. Some proteins • are enzymes. • Fats and oils store energy and make up cell • membranes. • Cells use molecules of ATP to fuel their activities. • Nucleic acids, such as DNA, are made up of • nucleotides.

  34. Chapter 2 It’s Alive!! Or Is It? Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

  35. Chapter 2 Concept Map

  36. Chapter 2 Concept Map

  37. End of Chapter 2 Show

  38. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

  39. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 Passage 1Organisms make other organisms similar to themselves. They do so in one of two ways: by sexual reproduction or by asexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, two parents produce offspring that will share characteristics of both parents. Most animals and plants reproduce in this way. In asexual reproduction, a single parent produces offspring that are identical to the parent. Most single-celled organisms reproduce in this way.

  40. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 1. In the passage, what does the term asexual reproduction mean? AA single parent produces offspring. BTwo parents make identical offspring. CPlants make offspring. DAnimals make offspring.

  41. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 1. In the passage, what does the term asexual reproduction mean? AA single parent produces offspring. BTwo parents make identical offspring. CPlants make offspring. DAnimals make offspring.

  42. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 2. What is characteristic of offspring produced by sexual reproduction? FThey are identical to both parents. GThey share the traits of both parents. HThey are identical to one parent. IThey are identical to each other.

  43. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 2. What is characteristic of offspring produced by sexual reproduction? FThey are identical to both parents. GThey share the traits of both parents. HThey are identical to one parent. IThey are identical to each other.

  44. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 3. What is characteristic of offspring produced by asexual reproduction? AThey are identical to both parents. BThey share the traits of both parents. CThey are identical to one parent. DThey are usually plants.

  45. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 3. What is characteristic of offspring produced by asexual reproduction? AThey are identical to both parents. BThey share the traits of both parents. CThey are identical to one parent. DThey are usually plants.

  46. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 4. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Fthe number of offspring produced Gthe number of parents needed to produce offspring Hthe number of traits produced Ithe number of offspring that survive

  47. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 4. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Fthe number of offspring produced Gthe number of parents needed to produce offspring Hthe number of traits produced Ithe number of offspring that survive

  48. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 2 Passage 2In 1996, a group of researchers led by NASA scientists studied a 3.8-billion-year-old meteorite named ALH84001. These scientists agree that ALH84001 is a potato-sized piece of the planet Mars. They also agree that it fell to Earth about 13,000 years ago. It was discovered in Antarctica in 1984. According to the NASA team, ALH84001 brought with it evidence that life once existed on Mars. Continued on the next slide

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