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An Overview of Qualitative Research

4. An Overview of Qualitative Research. Learning Objectives. Differentiate Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Recall The Types Of Qualitative Research List The Overall Steps In Qualitative Research Discuss Each Step In Qualitative Research. Learning Objectives.

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An Overview of Qualitative Research

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  1. 4 An Overview of Qualitative Research

  2. Learning Objectives • Differentiate Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research • Recall The Types Of Qualitative Research • List The Overall Steps In Qualitative Research • Discuss Each Step In Qualitative Research

  3. Learning Objectives Identify Two Of The Most Common Data Collection Methods Used In Qualitative Research Recognize Reliability And Validity Issues In Qualitative Research Discuss The Complexity Of Analyzing Qualitative Data

  4. Learning Objectives Identify Sources For The Presentation Of Qualitative Research Studies Determine The Benefits Of Combining Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Recognize The Issues That May Arise When Combining Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods

  5. Learning Objective OneDifferentiate Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research

  6. Quantitative Research • Control • Manipulation • Empirical data • Deductive • Test hypotheses • Generalization • Populations • No control

  7. Qualitative Research • No manipulation • In-depth descriptions • Unstructured interviews • Participant observation • Inductive • Patterns or themes • Not able to generalize • Individual

  8. Learning Objective TwoRecall The Types Of Qualitative Research

  9. Streubert and Carpenter (2002) Qualitative Approaches • Phenomenology • Grounded theory • Ethnography • Historical • Action research

  10. Burns and Grove (2009)Qualitative Approaches • Phenomenology • Grounded theory • Ethnography • Historical • Philosophical inquiry • Critical social theory

  11. Polit and Beck (2008)Qualitative Approaches • Phenomenology • Grounded theory • Ethnography • Historical analysis • Ethnoscience • Hermeneutics • Ethology

  12. Polit and Beck (2008)Qualitative Approaches (cont’d) • Ecological psychology • Ethnomethodology • Semiotics • Discourse analysis

  13. Qualitative Approaches Used by All • Phenomenology • Grounded theory • Ethnography • Historical

  14. Learning Objective ThreeList The Overall Steps In Qualitative Research

  15. Overall Steps in theQualitative Process • Identify the problem to study • State the purpose • Select the research design • Review the literature • Select the sample • Gain entry to the research site • Protect the rights of participants

  16. Overall Steps in theQualitative Process • Collect the data • Analyze the data • Interpret the data • Utilize the study results

  17. Learning Objective FourDiscuss Each Step In Qualitative Research

  18. Identify the Problem of the Study • General to more focused • Nature of the phenomenon • Group that will be studied

  19. State the Purpose • One-sentence statement

  20. Select the Research Design • Depends on phenomenon that will be studied • Phenomenological approach • Grounded theory • Action research • ...

  21. Review the Literature • Debate on when to do • May bias the study results • Preferred at the end of the study • Tells how results fit with the body of knowledge

  22. Select the Sample • Smaller in size • No set rules • Quality over quantity • Saturation: date becoming redundant

  23. Gain Entry to Research Site • Research in field • IRB approval • Before approaching potential participants • To receive funding • Key informants

  24. Protect the Rights of Participants • Close relationship between researcher and participants • Anonymity versus confidentiality • Demographic information • Ethical considerations

  25. Collect the Data • Variety of methods • Time frame not specified • Focus groups • Generally not replicated

  26. Analyze the Data • Difference between quantitative and qualitative • Begins once data collection starts • Not a distinct step • No set rules • Can take a long time • Content analysis • Manually or through computer programs

  27. Interpret the Data • Not as clear-cut as quantitative • Occurs simultaneously with data collection • Constant search for patterns and themes • How results can be applied

  28. Communicate the Study Results • Variety of mediums • Research journals • Clinical journals • Professional gatherings • Posters

  29. Utilize the Study Results • Implications for nursing practice • More difficult than with quantitative data

  30. Learning Objective FiveIdentify Two Of The Most Common Data Collection Methods Used In Qualitative Research

  31. The Interview • Process used most • Semistructured in nature • “A shared journey”

  32. Participant Observation • Direct observation and recording of data • Research directly involved with participants

  33. Other Data-Collection Methods • Open-ended questionnaires • Life histories • Diaries • Letters • Photographs • Official documents

  34. Learning Objective SixRecognize Reliability And Validity Issues In Qualitative Research

  35. Reliability and Validity • Reliability: repeatability of scientific observations • Validity: findings reflect reality • Important for credibility of results

  36. Generalizability and Replication • Replication could bias results. • Each situation unique

  37. Relevance and Validation • Large amount of data • Long period collecting data • Multiple data sources • Saturation

  38. Learning Objective SevenDiscuss The Complexity Of Analyzing Qualitative Data

  39. Analyzing Qualitative Data • More complex • Words, not numbers • Not a distinct but a continual process • Begins with data collection • May take months • Massive amount of data • No universal rules

  40. Content Analysis Procedures • Categories of data • Variations based on research design • Coding—the basic analysis tool • Themes developed from coded data • Manually or on computer

  41. Software Programs • QDAS: qualitative data analysis software • Many now available • Changing “look and feel” of research • Help or hindrance?

  42. Learning Objective EightIdentify Sources For The Presentation Of Qualitative Research Studies

  43. Communication of the Results • All research needs to be reported. • Massive amount of data does present problems. • The title tells the story.

  44. Formats for Communication • Similar to quantitative reporting • Journals • Conferences • Posters

  45. Learning Objective NineDetermine The Benefits Of Combining Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods

  46. Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods • Strengthens studies • Rules out rival explanations • Value both methods

  47. Combining Research Methods • Sequential or simultaneous • Mixed-method research • Triangulation

  48. Learning Objective TenRecognize The Issues That May Arise When Combining Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods

  49. Value Both Approaches • Not true combination unless both methods valued

  50. Issues in Mixed-Method Studies • Sampling • Data collection • Data analysis

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