RACE

1. RACE https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

2. Credit card Grace period • A credit card's grace period is the time the customer has to pay the balance before interest is assessed on the outstanding balance. Grace periods may vary, but usually range from 20 to 55 days depending on the type of credit card and the issuing bank. Some policies allow for reinstatement after certain conditions are met. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

3. Credit card Grace period • Finance charges incurred depend on the grace period and balance; with most credit cards there is no grace period if there is any outstanding balance from the previous billing cycle or statement (i.e https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

4. Bash (Unix shell) Brace expansion • Brace expansion, also called alternation, is a feature copied from the C shell that generates a set of alternative combinations. The generated results need not exist as files. The results of each expanded string are not sorted and left to right order is preserved: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

5. Bash (Unix shell) Brace expansion • Brace expansions should not be used in portable shell scripts, because the Bourne shell will not produce the same output. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

6. Bash (Unix shell) Brace expansion • # A traditional shell does not produce the same output https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

7. Bash (Unix shell) Brace expansion • When brace expansion is combined with wildcards, the braces are expanded first, and then the resulting wildcards are substituted normally. Hence, a listing of JPEG and PNG images in the current directory could be obtained with: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

8. C standard library Threading problems, vulnerability to race conditions • The mktemp() and strerror() routines are criticized for being thread unsafe and otherwise vulnerable to race conditions. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

9. Bracket Curly brackets or braces { } • Some people use a brace to signify movement in a particular direction. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

10. Bracket Curly brackets or braces { } • Presumably due to the similarity of the words brace and bracket (although they do not share an etymology), many people mistakenly treat brace as a synonym for bracket. Therefore, when it is necessary to avoid any possibility of confusion, such as in computer programming, it may be best to use the term curly bracket rather than brace. However, general usage in North American English favours the latter form. Indian programmers often use the name "flower bracket". https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

11. Bracket Curly brackets or braces { } • In classical mechanics, curly brackets are often also used to denote the Poisson bracket between two quantities. It is defined as follows: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

12. Harvard Law School - Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice • Established in the fall of 2005 by Professor Charles Ogletree, the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice seeks to honor the contributions of Charles Hamilton Houston. The Institute carries forth Houston's legacy by serving as a hub for scholarship, legal education, policy analysis, and public forums on issues central to current civil rights struggles. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

13. Coral - Intracellular symbionts • Many corals, as well as other cnidarian groups such as Aiptasia (a sea anemone) form a symbiotic relationship with a class of algae, zooxanthellae, of the genus Symbiodinium, a dinoflagellate.:24 Aiptasia, in a familiar pest among coral reef aquarium hobbyists, serves as a valuable model organism in the study of cnidarian-algal symbiosis https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

14. Coral - Intracellular symbionts • The algae benefit from a safe place to live and consume the polyp's carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

15. Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence - Intracellular junk—LysoSENS • Our cells are constantly breaking down proteins and other molecules that are no longer useful or which can be harmful https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

16. Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence - Extracellular junk—AmyloSENS • Harmful junk protein can also accumulate outside of our cells https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

17. Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence - Extracellular crosslinks—GlycoSENS • Cells are held together by special linking proteins https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

18. Racetrack memory • If it is developed successfully, racetrack would offer storage density higher than comparable solid-state memory devices like flash memory and similar to conventional disk drives, and also have much higher read/write performance https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

19. Racetrack memory - Description • Like bubble memory, racetrack memory uses electrical currents to "push" a magnetic pattern through a substrate https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

20. Racetrack memory - Description • There are two ways to arrange racetrack memory https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

21. Racetrack memory - Comparison to other memory devices • The only current technology that offers a clear latency benefit over racetrack memory is SRAM, on the order of 0.2 ns, but is more expensive and has a feature size of about 45 nm currently with a cell area of about 140 F2. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

22. Racetrack memory - Comparison to other memory devices • In the case of NOR flash memory, which allows random bit-wise access like racetrack memory, read times are on the order of 70 ns, while write times are much slower, about 2,500 ns https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

23. Racetrack memory - Comparison to other memory devices • The key determinant of the cost of any memory device is the physical size of the storage medium https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

24. Racetrack memory - Comparison to other memory devices • In the vertical orientation (U-shaped) racetrack, about 10-20 bits are stored per cell, which itself can have a physical size of at least about 20 F² https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

25. Racetrack memory - Comparison to other memory devices • For example, 50 ns allows about five bits to be operated in a racetrack memory device, resulting in an effective cell size of 20/5=4 F², easily exceeding the performance-density product of PCM https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

26. Racetrack memory - Comparison to other memory devices • A difficulty for this technology arises from the need for high current density (>108 A/cm²); a 30 nm x 100 nm cross-section would require >3 mA. The resulting power draw would be higher than, for example, spin-torque transfer memory or flash memory. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

27. Racetrack memory - Development difficulties • Recent research at the University of Hamburg has traced this problem to microscopic imperfections in the crystal structure of the wires which led to the domains becoming "stuck" at these imperfections https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

28. Racetrack memory - Development difficulties • The voltage required to drive the domains along the racetrack would be proportional to the length of the wire. The current density must be sufficiently high to push the domain walls (as in electromigration). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

29. Reproductive technology - Contraception • Contraception is a form of reproductive technology that enables people to control their fertility. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

30. Parallel computing - Race conditions, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and parallel slowdown • Subtasks in a parallel program are often called threads. Some parallel computer architectures use smaller, lightweight versions of threads known as fibers, while others use bigger versions known as processes. However, "threads" is generally accepted as a generic term for subtasks. Threads will often need to update some variable that is shared between them. The instructions between the two programs may be interleaved in any order. For example, consider the following program: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

31. Parallel computing - Race conditions, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and parallel slowdown • This is known as a race condition https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

32. Parallel computing - Race conditions, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and parallel slowdown • 5A: Unlock variable V 5B: Unlock variable V https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

33. Parallel computing - Race conditions, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and parallel slowdown • One thread will successfully lock variable V, while the other thread will be locked out—unable to proceed until V is unlocked again. This guarantees correct execution of the program. Locks, while necessary to ensure correct program execution, can greatly slow a program. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

34. Parallel computing - Race conditions, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and parallel slowdown • Locking multiple variables using non-atomic locks introduces the possibility of program deadlock. An atomic lock locks multiple variables all at once. If it cannot lock all of them, it does not lock any of them. If two threads each need to lock the same two variables using non-atomic locks, it is possible that one thread will lock one of them and the second thread will lock the second variable. In such a case, neither thread can complete, and deadlock results. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

35. Parallel computing - Race conditions, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and parallel slowdown • Many parallel programs require that their subtasks act in synchrony. This requires the use of a barrier. Barriers are typically implemented using a software lock. One class of algorithms, known as lock-free and wait-free algorithms, altogether avoids the use of locks and barriers. However, this approach is generally difficult to implement and requires correctly designed data structures. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

36. Parallel computing - Race conditions, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and parallel slowdown • Not all parallelization results in speed-up. Generally, as a task is split up into more and more threads, those threads spend an ever-increasing portion of their time communicating with each other. Eventually, the overhead from communication dominates the time spent solving the problem, and further parallelization (that is, splitting the workload over even more threads) increases rather than decreases the amount of time required to finish. This is known as parallel slowdown. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

37. Photomultiplier - The race towards a practical electronic television camera • The ingredients for inventing the photomultiplier were coming together during the 1920s as the pace of vacuum tube technology accelerated https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

38. Nanorobotics - Nanorobot Race • In the same ways that technology development had the space race and nuclear arms race, a race for nanorobots is occurring https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

39. Paleontology - Trace fossils • Whilst exact assignment of trace fossils to their makers is generally impossible, traces may for example provide the earliest physical evidence of the appearance of moderately complex animals (comparable to earthworms). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

40. Combustion - Trace combustion products • Various other substances begin to appear in significant amounts in combustion products when the flame temperature is above about 1,600 K. When excess air is used, nitrogen may oxidize to NO and, to a much lesser extent, to NO https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

41. Combustion - Trace combustion products • For example, when 1 mol of propane is burned with 28.6 mol of air (120% of the stoichiometric amount), the combustion products contain 3.3% O https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

42. Combustion - Trace combustion products • 2. At 1,400 K, the equilibrium combustion products contain 0.03% NO and 0.002% OH. At 1,800 K, the combustion products contain 0.17% NO, 0.05% OH, 0.01% CO, and 0.004% H https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

43. Combustion - Trace combustion products • Diesel engines are run with an excess of oxygen to combust small particles that tend to form with only a stoichiometric amount of oxygen, necessarily producing nitrogen oxide emissions. Both the United States and European Union enforce limits to vehicle nitrogen oxide emissions, which necessitate the use of special catalytic converters or treatment of the exhaust with urea (see Diesel exhaust fluid). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

44. Maykop culture - Terrace agriculture • The longevity of the terraces (more than 5000 years) allows us to consider their builders unsurpassed engineers and craftsmen. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

45. Strom Thurmond - Post-1970 views regarding race • In 1970, blacks still constituted some 30 percent of South Carolina's population; in 1900, they constituted 58.4 percent of the state's population https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

46. Strom Thurmond - Post-1970 views regarding race • Thurmond appointed Thomas Moss, an African American, to his staff in 1971, described as the first such appointment by a member of the South Carolinian congressional delegation (it was incorrectly reported by many sources as the first senatorial appointment of an African American, but Mississippi Senator Pat Harrison had hired clerk-librarian Jesse Nichols in 1937) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

47. Nutrition - Trace minerals • Many elements are required in trace amounts, usually because they play a catalytic role in enzymes. Some trace mineral elements (RDA < 200 mg/day) are, in alphabetical order: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

48. Nutrition - Trace minerals • Cobalt required for biosynthesis of vitamin B12 family of coenzymes. Animals cannot biosynthesize B12, and must obtain this cobalt-containing vitamin in the diet https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

49. Nutrition - Trace minerals • Copper required component of many redox enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

50. Nutrition - Trace minerals • Chromium required for sugar metabolism https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html