UNIT 10

1. UNIT 10 Vocabulary • Waste disposal • Recycling • Materials recovery Grammar and functions • Describing processes: Sequencing • Revision of the grammar structures

2. TRANSLATION: RESOURCE RECOVERY • Numerous thermal processes recover energy IN DIFFERENT WAYS FROM SOLID WASTE. • THESE SYSTEMS/METHODS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: combustion processes and pyrolysis processes. • A number of companies burn in-plant wastes in conventional incinerators INORDER TO PRODUCE/GENERATE STEAM; • THE WATER FLOWING through the tubes ALLOWS THE HEAT TO BE ABSORBED (IN ORDER) TO GENERATE STEAM. • Pyrolysis CONSISTS OF DECOMPOSING CHEMICALLY SOLID WASTE by heat in an oxygen-reduced atmosphere. • THIS RESULTS IN A GAS THAT CONTAINS various gases, DEPENDING ON THE ORGANIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PYROLIZED MATERIAL • IF USERS SEPARATED THEIR RUBBISH A LARGER AMOUNT OF WASTE COULD BE RECYCLEDand that would improve life in our planet • … since THE GREATER THE RECYCLED VOLUME ,THE LONGER OUR NATURAL RESOURCES WILL LAST

3. LISTENING: WASTE DISPOSAL • Which are the 4 main sources of waste? MINES (39%), AGRICULTURE (53%), INDUSTRY (2%), DOMESTIC HOMES / WASTE (6%) • Where does it go? • OPEN DUMPS (55%) • NOT COLLECTED OR DISPOSED OF (23%) LEFT ON THE SPOT • LAND-FILL METHOD (12%) BURIED IN THE GROUND • BURNT (9%) • DUMPED AT SEA (1%) DOMESTIC WASTE (RUBBISH, GARBAGE) • Open dumps: advantages : EASY TO OPERATE and THE CHEAPEST OF THE 3 • disadvantages: unsightly, CAUSE AIR POLLUTION WHEN RUBBISH IS BURNT, SMELL, MATERIALS & LAND ARE WASTED and they can contaminate ... • Land fill : advantages: CHEAP, NO OBJECTABLE SMELLS OR PESTS, and when the landfill is completed LAND MORE USEFUL THAN BEFORE (e.g. sports field or park) Disadvantages : WASTE MATERIALS and USES A LARGE AREA OF LAND …. • Incineration (i.e. BURNING) Advantages: …about 80% OF DOMESTIC RUBBISH and REDUCE ITS VOLUME BY 90%; it requires VERY LITTLE LAND and it produces INCOME FROM THE RECOVERY OF WASTE METAL & GLASS Disadvantages: EXPENSIVE TO BUILD AN INCINERATION PLANT and CAUSES AIR POLLUTION unless sophisticated pollution controls are installed.

4. Processes: SEQUENCE • First / Firstly / First of all / The process begins /commences / starts with • In the first step / stage / The first step / stage is .... / To begin with • Secondly/ After this, / Later, / Afterwards/ Then, / Next, / Subsequently • In the following / next stage, / The next step is ... • At the end of the process / In the last stage/ The last step / stage is .... • Finally / Eventually.. finishes / concludes with • So far, / Up to now • Before this / Previously, / Prior to this / Earlier, / In the preceding / previous / former stage • At the same time,/ During .... / Simultaneously, / While ... / Meantime / Meanwhile / As ... / In the meantime / When ...

5. DESCRIBING PROCESSES IMPORTANT EXPRESSIONS COMMON VERBS • Use of the PASSIVE • To carry out / develop a process • The process takes place / occurs / happens • This ALLOWS / CAUSES it TO occur (U5) • PREVENTSit FROM occurring (U5) METHOD (U6) (HOW?) • PASSIVE + BY = por • by means of ... / (by) using ... / With the help of ... Through … mediante, pormedio de, con …. • One method for /way of ... (+ verb –ING) .... is to .... PURPOSE (U6) (WHAT FOR?) In order to, so as to, to + INF = Para + Inf

6. VIDEO-STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING i-The cans are collected and taken to a recycling depot A- A magnet is used to separate the steel cans from aluminum F- Next aluminium is crushed and baled C- After this the aluminium is sent to a reprocessing company E- Here the aluminum is cut down into very small pieces B- A magnetic drum is used to remove any rests of steel K- The varnish coat that protected the can is removed before melting L- This is done by blowing hot air G- Once the cans have been decoated, they are taken to a furnace H- Subsequently, the liquid aluminum is poured into casts J- The square ingots are then rolled into sheets D- And these aluminium sheets are used to manufacture new products USES: Car parts (wheels), bikes, packaging (foil, cans), construction parts, household appliances

7. VIDEO-STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING • Which are the characteristics of Aluminium? LIGHT, DURABLE, THE MOST WIDELY USED NON FERROUS METAL • How much was recycled in Devon last year? 660 TONNES OF ALUMNIUM CANS • Where is Aluminium collected from? KERBSIDE BINS, BOXES, BAGS, RECYCLING BANKS EXPLAIN THE STEPS OF ALUMNIUM RECYCLING • AFTER THE CANS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED, THEY ARE TAKEN TO A RECYCLING DEPOT (i) • IN ORDER TO SEPARATE STEEL CANS FROM ALUMNIUM, A GIANT MAGNET IS USED TO REMOVE STEEL (a) • ALUMNIUM IS THEN CRUSHED AND BALED (f) • THE ALUMNIUM IS THEN SENT TO A REPROCESSING COMPANY (c) • ONCE IT ARRIVES IT IS SHREDDED INTO BITS THE SIZE OF A TEN-PENCE PIECE (e) • THE SHREDS ARE THEN PASSED THROUGH A DOUBLE MAGNETIC DRUM SEPARATOR TO REMOVE STEEL CONTAMINATES THAT MAY HAVE BEEN MISSED (b)

8. VIDEO-STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING • BEFORE THE CANS CAN BE MELTED, THEY NEED TO BE DE-COATED OF THE VARNISH LACQUER WHICH IS USED DURING MANUFACTURING TO PROTECT THE CANS (k) • THIS IS REMOVED BY BLOWING HOT AIR THROUGH THE SHREDS (l) • THE HOT, DE-COATED CANS CAN THEN BE FED INTO A HUGE 90 TONNE FURNACE TO BE MELTED (g) • NEXT THE MOLTEN METAL IS CAST INTO INGOTS. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY TILTING THE FURNACE AND POURING THE MOLTEN METAL INTO A CASTING UNIT • AFTER BEING CAST AND CHILLED, THE ALUMNIUM INGOTS ARE CUT SQUARE AND SENT OFF TO THE MILL, WHERE THEY ARE ROLLED OUT INTO SHEETS (j) • THE SHEET ALUMINIUM IS THEN SOLD ONTO MANUFACTURERS FOR A RANGE OF USES (d) Give examples of use of recycled aluminium • CAR PARTS, SUCH AS ALLOY WHEELS, BIKES, PACKAGING (eg FOIL & CANS), CONSTRUCTION PARTS, HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

9. ALUMINIUM RECYCLING- REORDER 1 Aluminum cans are gathered from recycling centers 6 They are sent to a scrap processing company where they are collected into large bales. 3 The bales are then sent to an aluminum company where the cans are shredded, crushed, stripped and burned 7 They are then sent into a furnace where they are melted with new, untouched aluminum and the two are melted together. 5 The new aluminum is then poured out into sheets, and cut down into sheets 1/100th of an inch thick. 2 The aluminum then cools, and is coiled up into large rolls and sent to can makers. 4 The can makers then mold the aluminum into can shapes, and send them off to soda makers to bottle their beverage.

10. VIDEO: WASTE • Any business or industry, in fact any human activity • Certain types are recyclableand have only a minor impact on the environment • dangerous for man and nature • 2 billion tons of waste material • 80% • Which are the problems of waste?: storage, Massive pollution, Strain on resources • the era of throwing down the drain  • a coherent waste management • In PREVENTION the first objective was to identify pollutants, to control them, and to limit their emission.  • according to their toxicity and their impact on the environment • the production, control, collection and cross border transportation • the development of clean technologies • They produce little or no waste and tend to be more economical with natural resources.