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Memory. “Remember that one time?”. Declarative Memory. There are two major forms of memory, each with their own subtypes. The first one we will look at is known as declarative memory or explicit memory. Declarative Memory.
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Memory “Remember that one time?”
Declarative Memory There are two major forms of memory, each with their own subtypes. The first one we will look at is known as declarative memory or explicit memory.
Declarative Memory Declarative memory is memory that is controlled consciously, intentionally, and flexibly It is regulated in the frontal lobe of the brain. It generally declines with age
Declarative Memory • Examples of declarative memory: • Remembering the name of an old friend • Remembering items on a list to pick up at a store • Remembering information for a test • Remembering your phone number • Remembering your ATM password
Declarative Memory • Exercise: • What is your earliest memory? • Try to be as specific as possible.
Declarative Memory • Working memory- a memory system that allows us to store and process limited amounts of information for a short period to time. • This is also what we refer to as “short term memory” • Lasts (effectively) anywhere from 2 – 18 seconds • Think of working memory as the brains “scratch pad”
Declarative Memory • Episodic memory– is a long-term memory system that stores information about specific events or episodes related to ones life. • Used to recall past events such as a movie you saw last week, dinner you ate last night, the name of a book you read, or a party you attended.
Parking lot quiz Who drives to school every morning?
Declarative Memory • Semantic memory – long-term memory that stores general knowledge. Not personal experience. • Vocabulary words • 2+2 = 4 • The states
Nondeclarative Memory The second subtype of memory that we all have is known as Nondeclarative memory. This memory system influences our current perceptions and behavior without our knowledge, awareness, or intention.
Nondeclarative Memory • Some examples of Nondeclarative memory include: • Riding a bike • Driving a stick-shift car • Using the same verbal patters as friends (ex. saying “like” repeatedly) • Classical conditioning
Nondeclarative Memory Priming – priming is an automatic or unconscious process that can enhance the speed and accuracy of a response as a result of past experience.
Nondeclarative Memory • Procedural memory – is the memory for the process involved in completing a task after the task is well learned and has become automatic. • Examples include playing an instrument, typing, getting dressed, etc. • People with Alzheimer’s or Amnesia rarely lose this type of memory
Nondeclarative Memory • Classical conditioning – memory for associations formed between stimuli • Ex. Pavlov’s Dogs
Sensory Memory Sensory Memory – Memory that allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information based off of the five human senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch). Sensory memory allows us to retain impressions of the senses even after the original stimulus has ceased.
Sensory Memory Where we retain these impressions is known as the sensory register. The sensory register has the potential to be incredibly large. However the duration that we hold these memories are incredibly brief.
Sensory Memory There are 2 major domains of sensory memory. Iconic memory (for visual info) Echoic memory (for auditory info)
Sensory Memory The duration of sensory memory is very brief. Only about 0.2-0.4 seconds for visual information Only about 1-2 seconds for auditory information
Iconic Example You will be presented with a grid of random letters. You will only be displayed this grid for about half a second. Try to remember as many letters as possible.
Sensory Memory If Sensory memory only lasts an incredibly short amount of time, how does things like specific touches, tastes, and sights become remembered in the long term?
Sensory Memory and Working Memory When a sensory memory is selected for further processing (either consciously or unconsciously) that memory will be processed into a working memory. That memory will then either be left unprocessed in WM or it will be selected for further processing in episodic or semantic memory.
Sensory Memory and Working Memory Working memory exercise: You will be shown a random math problem (nothing too hard), you will read the problem aloud, answer whether or not the problem is true or false (aloud), and then say the random word that follows the equation.
Repeat back all the words that you said at the end of each equation.
Long Term Memory: Encoding Memory Encoding is simply how we process stimulus or input into actual memories There are two major levels of processing and they are known as shallow processing and deep processing.
Long Term Memory: Encoding • Shallow processing focuses on the physical features of an item rather than its meaning • Ex. color, length, font, sound, etc.
Long Term Memory: Encoding Shallow processing exercise On a separate sheet of paper, draw a one dollar bill. Include the images, font, and patterns that are found on the one dollar bill.
Long Term Memory: Encoding • The next type of processing is known as deep processing. • Deep processing focusses on the meaning of an item and involves forming associations between old and new information. • Ex. the pleasantness of an item, the definition of an item, the items relationship with others, etc.
Long Term Memory: Encoding Which type of processing do you think would be the easiest to recall?
Timing of Practice Practice in this sense means studying. What are your different studying techniques?
Timing of Practice • Massed Practice – occurs when an individual attempts to learn a lot of material in one or two settings • Aka: Cramming
Timing of Practice Spaced Practice – involves repeated practice of multiple sessions that are spaced out over time. This practice has proven to be far more effective than the massed practice approach.
Several famous psychologists determined that to adequately prepare for a college level test, students should study for at least 10 hours. 1 hour for 10 days = most effective 2 hours for 5 days = less effective 5 hours for 2 days = least effective
Memory Retrieval Memory Retrieval – the process of getting or retrieving information out of memory storage. Memories are retrieved in different ways based off of the information that you are trying to remember
Memory Retrieval The 4 R’s Recall Recollection Recognition Relearning
Memory Retrieval • Memory Recall is a type of memory retrieval that involves being able to access information without being overly prompted on it. • Ex. Fill in the blank questions
Memory Retrieval _________________ is the capital of Pakistan.
Memory Retrieval • Memory Recollection is a type of memory retrieval that involves reconstructing memory, often utilizing logical structures, partial memories, narratives or clues. • Ex. essay questions
Memory Retrieval What is sensory memory? Include in your answer examples of both echoic and iconic memory, and how long these memories are retained before they are processed or forgotten.
Memory Retrieval • Memory Recognition is a type of memory retrieval that involves identifying information after experiencing it again. • Ex. multiple choice questions
Memory Retrieval Which of the following is not a House from Game of Thrones? A. The Starks B. The Lannisters C. The Beauforts D. The Martells
Memory Retrieval Relearning is a type of memory retrieval that involves relearning information that has been previously learned.
Memory Interference Interference occurs when information blocks or disrupts the recall of information, and is believed to be the primary cause of forgetting
Memory Interference • Retroactive Interference – occurs when new information blocks or disrupts the retrieval of older information. • Ex. older passwords blocked by newer ones
Memory Interference • Proactive interference occurs when old previously learned memories intrude with the recall of newer memories. • Old locker combinations
