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Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear Chemistry. The Nucleus. Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons , protons and neutrons. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of protons and neutrons together is the mass number which is effectively the mass of the atom. Isotopes.

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Nuclear Chemistry

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  1. Nuclear Chemistry

  2. The Nucleus • Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. • The number of protons is the atomic number. • The number of protons and neutrons together is the mass number which is effectively the mass of the atom.

  3. Isotopes • Not all atoms of the same element have the same mass due to different numbers of neutrons in those atoms. • There are three naturally occurring isotopes of uranium: • Uranium-234 • Uranium-235 • Uranium-238

  4. Radioactivity • It is not uncommon for some nuclides of an element to be unstable, or radioactive. • We refer to these as radionuclides. • There are several ways radionuclides can decay into a different nuclide.

  5. Types ofRadioactive Decay

  6. 238 92 234 90 4 2 4 2 He U Th He +  Alpha Decay: Loss of an -particle (a helium nucleus)

  7. 131 53 0 −1 I 0 −1 0 −1 0 −1 0 −1 1 1 1 1 1 0 e p e p n e e Xe 131 54  + + +   or Beta Decay: Loss of a -particle (a high energy electron) This occurs because a neutron is converted to a proton and a high energy electron (b particle). 130 53 I with 

  8. 11 5 11 6 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 e e C B e p n +  +  Positron Emission: Loss of a positron (a particle that has the same mass as but opposite charge than an electron) This occurs because a proton is converted to a neutron and the positron.

  9. 0 0  Gamma Emission: Loss of a -ray (high-energy radiation that almost always accompanies the loss of a nuclear particle as that particle reorganizes into a more stable arrangement)

  10. 0 −1 81 37 1 1 1 0 81 36 Rb + e Kr n p +   Electron Capture Addition of an electron (from the element’s own orbitals) to a proton in the nucleus • As a result, a proton is transformed into a neutron. 0 −1 e

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