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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Chordates Vertebrates Fishes Amphibians Reptiles ] Birds Vertebrates Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Mammals Vertebrates(continued) The Evolution of Primates ] Vertebrates Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Vertebrates > Chordates Chordates • Characteristics of Chordata • Chordates and the Evolution of Vertebrates • The Evolution of Craniata and Vertebrata • Characteristics of Vertebrates Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/vertebrates-29/chordates-171/

  7. Vertebrates > Fishes Fishes • Agnathans: Jawless Fishes • Gnathostomes: Jawed Fishes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/vertebrates-29/fishes-172/

  8. Vertebrates > Amphibians Amphibians • Characteristics and Evolution of Amphibians • Modern Amphibians Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/vertebrates-29/amphibians-173/

  9. Vertebrates > Reptiles Reptiles • Characteristics of Amniotes • Evolution of Amniotes • Characteristics of Reptiles • Evolution of Reptiles • Modern Reptiles Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/vertebrates-29/reptiles-174/

  10. Vertebrates > Birds Birds • Characteristics of Birds • Evolution of Birds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/vertebrates-29/birds-175/

  11. Vertebrates > Mammals Mammals • Characteristics of Mammals • Evolution of Mammals • Living Mammals Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/vertebrates-29/mammals-176/

  12. Vertebrates > The Evolution of Primates The Evolution of Primates • Characteristics and Evolution of Primates • Early Human Evolution • Early Hominins • Genus Homo Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/vertebrates-29/the-evolution-of-primates-177/

  13. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Vertebrates Key terms • adaptive radiationthe diversification of species into separate forms that each adapt to occupy a specific environmental niche • agnathana member of the superclass Agnatha of jawless vertebrates • allantoismembrane in an egg that stores nitrogenous wastes produced by the embryo and facilitates respiration • amnionthe innermost membrane of the fetal membranes of amniotes; the sac in which the embryo is suspended; protects the embryo from shock and carries out hydration • amniotea group of vertebrates having an amnion during the development of the embryo; mammals, birds, and reptiles • anapsidamniote whose skull does not have openings near the temples; includes extinct organisms • Archaeopteryxa taxonomic genus within the family Archaeopterygidae, known from fossils and widely accepted as the earliest and most primitive known bird • auricular operculuman extra bone in the ear that transmits sounds to the inner ear • bipedalismthe habit of standing and walking on two feet • Cambrian explosionthe relatively rapid appearance (over a period of many millions of years), around 530 million years ago, of most major animal phyla as demonstrated in the fossil record • Cephalochordataa taxonomic subphylum within the phylum Chordata: the lancelets • Chondrichthyesa taxonomic class within the subphylum Vertebrata: the cartilaginous fish Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Vertebrates • chordatea member of the phylum Chordata; numerous animals having a notochord at some stage of their development; in vertebrates this develops into the spine • chorionallows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the embryo and the egg's external environment • cloacathe common duct in fish, reptiles, birds, and some primitive mammals that serves as the anus as well as the genital opening • craniumthe part of the skull enclosing the brain, the braincase • Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctionmass extinction of three-quarters of plant and animal species on earth, including all non-avian dinosaurs, that occurred over a geologically-short period of time 66 million years ago • cutaneous respirationexchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment that takes place through the permeable skin • dentitionthe type, number and arrangement of the normal teeth of an organism or of the actual teeth of an individual • diapsidany of very many reptiles and birds that have a pair of openings in the skull behind each eye • diapsidany of very many reptiles and birds that have a pair of openings in the skull behind each eye • dimorphismthe occurrence in an animal species of two distinct types of individual • diphyodonthaving two successive sets of teeth (deciduous and permanent), one succeeding the other • ectotherma cold-blooded animal that regulates its body temperature by exchanging heat with its surroundings Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Vertebrates • endothermican animal whose body temperature is regulated by internal factors • eutherianthe mammals more closely related to animals like humans and rodents than to marsupials • fenestrationan opening in the surface of an organ, etc. • furculathe forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles in birds; the wishbone • genomicsthe study of the complete genome of an organism • hagfishany of several primitive eellike creatures, of the family Myxinidae, having a sucking mouth with rasping teeth; considered edible in Japan, their skin is used to make a form of leather • homininthe evolutionary group that includes modern humans and now-extinct bipedal relatives • hominoidany great ape (such as humans) belonging to the superfamily Hominoidea • Homo erectus("upright man) extinct species of hominin that appeared 1.8 million years ago; the first hominin to use fire, hunt, and have a home base • Homo habilis("handy man") an extinct taxonomic species within the genus Homo that had long arms and may have used stone tools • Homo sapiensevolved from H. erectus starting about 500,000 years ago; humans • integumentan outer protective covering such as the feathers or skin of an animal, a rind or shell Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Vertebrates • lampreyany long slender primitive eel-like freshwater and saltwater fish of the Petromyzontidae family, having a sucking mouth with rasping teeth, but no jaw • lateral undulationmovement by bending the body from side to side • marsupiala mammal of which the female has a pouch in which it rears its young, which are born immature, through early infancy • metamorphosisa change in the form and often habits of an animal after the embryonic stage during normal development • metatherianbelonging or pertaining to the infraclass Metatheria of marsupials • monotremea mammal that lays eggs and has a single urogenital and digestive orifice; only the echidnas and platypuses • nerve corda dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate • notochorda flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates; a primitive spine • notochorda flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates; a primitive spine • operculuma covering flap or lidlike structure in plants and animals, such as a gill cover • ossifiedcomposed of bone, which is a calcium phosphate matrix created by special cells called osteoblasts • Osteichthyesa taxonomic class within the subphylum vertebrata: the bony fish Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Vertebrates • ovoviviparousa mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch • pedicellate teethteeth in which the root and crown are calcified, separated by a zone of noncalcified tissue • pharyngeal slitfilter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments • placentala mammal having a placenta; most members of Mammalia • plastronthe nearly flat part of the shell structure of a tortoise or other animal, similar in composition to the carapace • pneumatichaving cavities filled with air • pterosaurany of several extinct flying reptiles, of the order Pterosauria, including the pterodactyls • scutea horny, chitinous, or bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle or the skin of crocodiles • sebuma thick oily substance, secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin, that consists of fat, keratin and cellular debris • sessilepermanently attached to a substrate; not free to move about; "an attached oyster" • sexual dimorphisma physical difference between male and female individuals of the same species • sinoatrial nodethe impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of normal sinus rhythm Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. Vertebrates • spermatophorea capsule or mass created by males, containing sperm and transferred in entirety to the female during fertilization • synapsidanimals that have one opening low in the skull roof behind each eye; includes all living and extinct mammals and therapsids • temporal fenestraepost-orbital openings in the skull of some amniotes that allow muscles to expand and lengthen • Urochordataa taxonomic subphylum within the phylum Chordata: the tunicates or sea squirts • vertebral columnthe series of vertebrae that protect the spinal cord; the spinal column • vibrissaany of the tactile whiskers on the nose of an animal • viviparousbeing born alive, as are most mammals, some reptiles, and a few fish (as opposed to being laid as an egg) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  20. Vertebrates Frog metamorphosis A juvenile frog metamorphoses into a frog. Here, the frog has started to develop limbs, but its tadpole tail is still evident. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Amphibians. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44688/latest/Figure_29_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Vertebrates Bird fossils (a) Archaeopteryx lived in the late Jurassic Period around 150 million years ago. It had teeth like a dinosaur, but had (b) flight feathers like modern birds, which can be seen in this fossil. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Birds. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44694/latest/Figure_29_05_04ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Vertebrates Hagfish Although it lacks a backbone, the hagfish is a member of the Craniata clade because it possesses a bony skull. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Eptatretus stoutii."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eptatretus_stoutii.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Vertebrates Tempral fenestrae The image illustrates the differences in the skulls and temporal fenestrae of anapsids, synapsids, and diapsids. Anapsids have no openings, synapsids have one opening, and diapsids have two openings. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reptiles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44689/latest/Figure_29_04_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Vertebrates Tasmanian devil The Tasmanian devil is one of several marsupials native to Australia. (credit: Wayne McLean) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Mammals. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44692/latest/Figure_29_06_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Vertebrates Bird feathers Primary feathers are located at the wing tip and provide thrust; secondary feathers are located close to the body and provide lift. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Birds. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44694/latest/Figure_29_05_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Vertebrates Bones of the mammalian inner ear Bones of the mammalian inner ear are modified from bones of the jaw and skull. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Mammals. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44692/latest/Figure_29_06_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Vertebrates Mammalian heart Mammals possess a four-chambered heart, with two atria and two ventricles, that circulates blood through the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Heart diagram blood flow en."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram_blood_flow_en.svgView on Boundless.com

  28. Vertebrates Evolution of modern humans This chart shows the evolution of modern humans and includes the point of divergence that occurred between modern humans and the other great apes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Evolution of Primates. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44696/latest/Figure_29_07_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Vertebrates Ectotherms Reptiles, such as these sunbathing Florida redbelly turtles, are ectotherms: they rely on their environment for body heat. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Florida Redbelly Turtle (Pseudemys nelsoni)."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florida_Redbelly_Turtle_(Pseudemys_nelsoni).jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Vertebrates Tiktaalik roseae The recent fossil discovery of Tiktaalik roseae suggests evidence for an animal intermediate to finned fish and legged tetrapods. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Amphibians. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44688/latest/Figure_29_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Vertebrates Squamata The Squamata, which includes lizards and snakes, are the largest group of reptiles. The garter snake belongs to the genus Thamnophis, the most widely-distributed reptile genus in North America. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reptiles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44689/latest/Figure_29_04_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Vertebrates Skull comparison: Australopithecus afarensis vs modern humans The skull of (a) Australopithecus afarensis, an early hominid that lived between three and four million years ago, resembled that of (b) modern humans, but was smaller with a sloped forehead and prominent jaw. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Evolution of Primates. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44696/latest/Figure_29_07_04ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Vertebrates Example of an extinct bird Shanweiniao cooperorum was a species of Enantiornithes, which evolved separately from modern birds. It did not survive past the Cretaceous period. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Birds. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44694/latest/Figure_29_05_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Vertebrates Adult Female Australopithecus afarensis This adult female Australopithecus afarensis skeleton, nicknamed Lucy, was discovered in the mid 1970s. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Evolution of Primates. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44696/latest/Figure_29_07_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Vertebrates Hagfishes Pacific hagfish are scavengers that live on the ocean floor. These agnathans are classified as Myxini and do not have a vertebral column. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Fishes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44687/latest/Figure_29_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Vertebrates Amniotic eggs The key features of an amniotic egg are the chorion, amnion, and allantois. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reptiles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44689/latest/Figure_29_04_01.pngView on Boundless.com

  37. Vertebrates Salamanders Most salamanders have legs and a tail, but respiration varies among species. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Amphibians. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44688/latest/Figure_29_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Vertebrates Vertebral column A fossilized skeleton of the dinosaur Diplodocus carnegii shows an extreme example of the backbone that characterizes vertebrates. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Vertebrate."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VertebrateView on Boundless.com

  39. Vertebrates Phylum chordata All chordates are deuterostomes, possessing a notochord. Vertebrates are differentiated by having a vertebral column. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 18, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44685/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  40. Vertebrates Ostracoderm Ostracoderms were some of the earliest jawless fishes and were covered in bony armor. Present-day jawless fishes lack bone in their scales. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Ostracoderm digital recreation.."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ostracoderm_digital_recreation..jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Vertebrates A red fox Red foxes are eutherian (placental) mammals because the mothers nourish their young via a placenta during fetal development. The placenta enables a mother to exchange gases, fluids, and nutrients with the growing embryos. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Vulpes vulpes sitting on a stone."Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Vulpes_vulpes_pup_sitting_on_stone.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Vertebrates Urochordates (a) This photograph shows a colony of the tunicate Botrylloides violaceus. (b) The larval stage of the tunicate possesses all of the features characteristic of chordates: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. (c) In the adult stage, the notochord, nerve cord, and tail disappear. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Chordates. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44685/latest/Figure_29_01_03abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Vertebrates Diversity of vertebrates: animals with backbones The subphylum Vertebrata contains all animals that possess backbones, gills, and a central nervous system in at least one phase of development. Vertebrates include amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds, as well as the jawless fishes, bony fishes, sharks, and rays. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Squelettes."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Squelettes.pngView on Boundless.com

  44. Vertebrates Clade Craniata Craniata, including this fish (Dunkleosteus), are characterized by the presence of a cranium, mandible, and other facial bones. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Chordates. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44685/latest/Figure_29_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Vertebrates Vertebrates Vertebrata are characterized by the presence of a backbone, such as the one that runs through the middle of this fish. All vertebrates are in the Craniata clade and have a cranium. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Chordates. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44685/latest/Figure_29_01_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. Vertebrates Parasitic lampreys These parasitic sea lampreys attach to their lake trout host by suction and use their rough tongues to rasp away flesh in order to feed on the trout's blood. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Fishes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44687/latest/Figure_29_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  47. Vertebrates Evolution of amniotes This chart shows the evolution of amniotes. The placement of Testudines (turtles) is currently still debated. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reptiles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44689/latest/Figure_29_04_03.pngView on Boundless.com

  48. Vertebrates Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii The (a) sockeye salmon (Actinopterygii) and (b) coelacanth (Sarcopterygii) are both bony fishes of the Osteichthyes clade. The coelacanth, sometimes called a lobe-finned fish, was thought to have gone extinct in the Late Cretaceous period, 100 million years ago, until one was discovered in 1938 near the Comoros Islands between Africa and Madagascar. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Fishes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44687/latest/Figure_29_02_07ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  49. Vertebrates Placoderms Dunkleosteous was an enormous placoderm from the Devonian period, 380–360 million years ago. It measured up to 10 meters in length and weighed up to 3.6 tons. As gnathostomes, they were more mobile and could exploit more food resources than the agnathostomes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Fishes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44687/latest/Figure_29_02_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. Vertebrates Frogs The Australian green tree frog is a nocturnal predator that lives in the canopies of trees near a water source. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Amphibians. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44688/latest/Figure_29_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

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