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III. Psychoactive Plants

III. Psychoactive Plants. a) Stimulants b) Hallucinogens c) Depressants. a) Stimulants Coca (Erythroxylum coca). Source of cocaine Main ingredient in original Coca Cola. Khat (Catha edulis). Leaves are chewed Known as “Flower of Paradise” in Native Africa

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III. Psychoactive Plants

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  1. III. Psychoactive Plants • a) Stimulants • b) Hallucinogens • c) Depressants

  2. a) StimulantsCoca (Erythroxylum coca) • Source of cocaine • Main ingredient in original Coca Cola

  3. Khat (Catha edulis) • Leaves are chewed • Known as “Flower of Paradise” in Native Africa • Active ingredient is the alkaloid, cathione, a natural amphetamine

  4. Coffee (Coffea spp)Tea (Camellia sinensis) caffeine theobromine • Coffee made from roasted seeds • Tea made from leaves • Caffeine main stimulant • See Table 17.1 for other plants

  5. Cacao (Theobroma cacao) • Seeds source of powdered chocolate • Contains caffeine and theobromine • Name means food of the gods

  6. Tobacco (Nicotiana spp) • Nicotine, an alkaloid is main stimulant in leaves, may also act as a depressant or tranquilizer

  7. b) HallucinogensPeyote (Lophora williamsii) • Eaten as mescal buttons or dried portion of plant • Active compounds are mescaline and other alkaloids • Causes nausea, visual disorientation, mental clarity, visualizations, and paralysis of the central nervous system

  8. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) • Seeds are source of myristicin, an aromatic volatile (amphetamine-like substance) • Causes powerful hallucinations, hypnotic trances and euphoric bliss (Ecstasy) • Side effects are headaches, dizziness, nausea and sickening hangovers, can be toxic

  9. Morning Glory ( Ipomoea violacea) • Seed contain an alkaloid, D-lysergic acid (LSD is a synthetic form) • Causes hallucinations similar to peyote

  10. Belladonna (Atropa belladona)Part of the very dangerous Solanaceae family which have the Tropane Alkaloids • Contains an alkaloid called scopolamine. • Highly hallucinogenic and toxic • Used by witches in Europe • Stimulates and depresses medulla and higher cerebral centers • Relaxes smooth muscles and alters heart rate

  11. Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) • Contains Tropane alkaloids • Causes hallucinations, headaches, delirium, convulsions and coma

  12. Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) • Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) formed when plant is dried • Common form here is an escapee used for hemp with 0.2 to 1% THC • Asian forms contain 3.4 to 6% THC • Treatment for nausea and glaucoma

  13. c) Depressants • Alcoholic beverages

  14. Kava (Piper methysticum) • Drink made from root or rhizomes • Active ingredients are kavapyrones • Causes relaxation, sleep and pain relief • Used in South Pacific Islands

  15. Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) • More than 25 alkaloids including morphine and codeine • Effects central nervous system and intestines • Acts as painkiller, depresses respiration, decreases digestive juices and intestinal peristaltic contractions • Highly addictive!

  16. Take Home Message • Plants contain many secondary compounds used for defense, but have medicinal, toxic and psychoactive properties to us; sometimes all within the same plant • BE CAREFUL what you eat or drink!

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