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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Cell Structure and Function. What do you Remember???. Animal Cell. Plant Cell. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/identify3.html. http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/Sem1Review.htm. section 1& 2 Vocabulary Pretest. Cell Cell Theory

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function

  2. What do you Remember??? Animal Cell Plant Cell http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/identify3.html http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/Sem1Review.htm

  3. section 1& 2 Vocabulary Pretest • Cell • Cell Theory • Plasma Membrane • Cytoplasm • Cytosol • Nucleus • Prokaryote • Eukaryote • Organelle • Tissue • Organ • Organ System • A. Group of tissues working together • Cell with no nucleus • Group of cells working together • Control center of a cell • Cell with a nucleus • Smallest unit of life • Group of organs working together • Everything inside a cell except the nucleus • The fluid part of the cytoplasm • Surrounds a cell • Our current understanding of cells • Small cell part with a special job to do

  4. Answer Key • Cell F • Cell Theory K • Plasma Membrane J • Cytoplasm H • Cytosol I • Nucleus D • Prokaryote B • Eukaryote E • Organelle L • Tissue C • Organ A • Organ System G

  5. The Discovery of Cells • Cell —smallest unit of life • All living things are made of one or many cells http://www.ringophone.com/results.asp?searchfield=animals&index=0&type=color http://www.bewellbuzz.com/general/the-truth-about-cancer-cells/

  6. Robert Hooke • Robert Hooke • 1665 English scientist • First person to see cells • Studied thin slices of cork • Called them cells • Never realized that cells were living things http://www.edu365.cat/aulanet/comsoc/persones_tecniques/Robert_Hooke.htm http://askabiologist.asu.edu/content/robert-hooke

  7. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • Anton van Leeuwenhoek • First person to observe living cells in 1673 • Called these living cells, “animalcules” • Known as the “Father of Microbiology” http://www.vanleeuwenhoek.com/His-Microscopic-World.htm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwen/leeuwmicro.gif http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

  8. Matthias Schleiden • Matthias Schleiden (1838)— German botanist: stated all plants are made of cells. http://www.merke.ch/biografien/biologen/schleiden.php

  9. Theodor Schwann • Theodor Schwann (1839)— German zoologist: stated that all animals are made of cells http://www.nndb.com/people/357/000096069/

  10. Rudolf Virchow • Rudolf Virchow (1855)— German physician: stated that cells come only from other cells. http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/rv/

  11. Cell Theory • The work of these men led to the development of the cell theory. • Three parts: • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. • Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

  12. Cell Diversity • Cells vary in shapeand sizeaccording to their functions. • Examples: Red blood cells are microscopic and round for carrying oxygen. Nerve cells are long with extensions for carrying impulses. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/08705a.jpg http://www.sciencequiz.net/jcscience/jcbiology/circulatorysystem/red_blood_cells.jpg

  13. Most cells are microscopic. • Size is limited by the surface area-to-volume ratio • Small cells can exchange substances faster than large cells because small objects have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio. SA = 6s2 V = s*s*s http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/B/cell_components/4.3%20Effect%20of%20cell%20size%20on%20s.JPG

  14. Cell Types (two basic types) • Prokaryotes —cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Include bacteria and archaebacteria • Eukaryotes —cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles • Include cells from plants, animals, fungi and protists http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html

  15. Features common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells include: • DNA —genetic material located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells • Plasma Membrane —outer boundary of cell • Cytoplasm —all the material inside the plasma membrane, (not including the nucleoid region or nucleus). It includes a fluid part called the cytosol and many organelles and other particules floating in it. • Ribosomes —site of protein synthesis http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html

  16. Cellular Organization • Unicellular —organism exists as a single cell living independently of other cells • Colonies —groups of identical cells that live together in a connected group. Cellular activities are not coordinated. • Multicellular —specialized cells live together and become unable to survive independently. • Organized as follows: CellsTissuesOrganOrganSystemOrganism

  17. Section 3 Vocabulary Pretest • Powerhouse of the cell • Site of protein synthesis • Contains digestive enzymes • Surrounds the nucleus • Transports proteins and lipids • Structures made of DNA and proteins • Surrounds the outside of a cell • Plays a role in mitosis • Tail-like structures/ help cells to move • Hair-like structures/help cells to move • Inside the nucleus/ make RNA • Help to shape and support a cell • Larger structures of the cytoskeleton • Smaller structures of the cytoskeleton • Package proteins and lipids • Phospholipidbilayer • Chromosome • Nuclear envelope • Nucleolus • Ribosome • Mitochondrion • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi apparatus • Lysosome • Cytoskeleton • Microtubule • Microfilament • Cilium • Flagellum • Centriole

  18. Answer Key • Phospholipidbilayer G • Chromosome F • Nuclear envelope D • Nucleolus K • Ribosome B • Mitochondrion A • Endoplasmic reticulum E • Golgi apparatus O • Lysosome C • Cytoskeleton L • Microtubule M • Microfilament N • Cilium J • Flagellum I • Centriole H

  19. Cell Organelles and Features • Plasma membrane • Surrounds the cell: Controls what gets in and out • Allows cell to interact with its environment • Made of a double layer called the phospholipid bilayer • Described as a fluid mosaic —acts more like a liquid than a solid because proteins and lipids can move side to side.

  20. Phospholipids have a polar, hydrophilic head and two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails made of fatty acids • Sterols, like cholesterol, can be found between the fatty acid tails to provide firmness and prevent freezing http://www.hcc.bcu.ac.uk/physiology/phospholipid02.gif Note: Hydrophilic = water loving Hydrophobic = water fearing http://annadennis.wikispaces.com/file/view/phospholipid_bilayer.gif/91874047/phospholipid_bilayer.gif

  21. Several types of integral proteins are embedded in the plasma membrane: Transport Proteins —moves substances across the membrane Receptor Proteins —recognize and bind to substances outside the cell Recognition Proteins —glycoproteins with carbohydrate chains that act as cell-surface markers and identify the cell type http://golfcourse.mnmsa.org/my_files/hole1and12.jpg

  22. Cytoplasm and Cytosol • Cytoplasm —all the material inside the plasma membrane (except the nucleus) • Includes: • Cytosol—fluid part in which the ribosomes and molecules float (20% protein) • Cytoskeleton —series of microtubules and microfilaments that crisscross each other. They give shape and form to the cell and help organelles to move within the cell. (Centrioles: special microtubules that appear during cell division) • Organelles (except the nucleus)—tiny structures in the cell: each has its own job to do.

  23. Nucleus • Control center of the cell • Filled with a jellylike substance called nucleoplasm • Contains DNA in the form of chromatin or chromosomes • Surrounded by a nuclear envelope made of two phospholipid bilayers. • Envelope has many pores which act as passageways for RNA messages • Contain a dense area called the nucleolus which helps to make RNA

  24. Mitochondria • Powerhouse of the cell • Site of cellular respiration in which energy is transferred from organic molecules (glucose) to ATP • Active cells like muscle cells have 1000 or more mitochondria • Surrounded by a double phospholipid membrane • Inner folds called cristae is where the energy reactions take place. http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Mitochondria

  25. Mitochondrial DNA —DNA found inside the mitochondria. It allows mitochondria to reproduce by dividing • Scientists believe mitochondria originated from prokaryotic cells that invaded eukaryotic cells and formed a symbiotic relationship • Prokaryotic cells gained protection • Eukaryotic cells got more ATP for energy http://www.darkgovernment.com/news/military-researches-anti-aging/

  26. Ribosomes • Protein factories of the cell • Do not have a membrane • Consist of two subunits made of protein and RNA • Some float free in cytosol • Others are attached to the ER http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_ribos.html

  27. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transportation system of the cell • Long, folded tubes called cisternae allow molecules to move throughout the cell. • Two types: • Rough ER —has ribosomes attached • Smooth ER —no ribosomes are attached • Each has a different function

  28. Golgi Apparatus • Packaging center of the cell • Consists of stacks of membranes that receive proteins and lipids • Each layer modifies and packages the proteins and lipids so they can be sent elsewhere http://creationrevolution.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Golgi-Apparatus-and-ER.jpg

  29. Vesicles • Transport vehicles—”Cellular submarines” • Tiny sacs that transport various contents • Classified according to their contents http://www.biology4kids.com/files/art/cell_lysosome2.gif

  30. Types of Vesicles • Lysosomes—made by the golgi: they contain digestive enzymes: these enzymes break down: • Dead cells (autolysis) • Worn-out cell parts (autophagy) • Large molecules • Glycogen in the liver to release glucose into the blood • Bacteria (lysosomes in WBC) • Peroxisomes—not made by the golgi: found in liver and kidney cells: • Detoxify alcohol and drugs • Break down fatty acid • Produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) • Glyoxysomes—found in seeds: break down stored food • Endosomes—food vacuoles created after endocytosis

  31. The diagram below summarizes some of the functions of vesicles http://www.bothbrainsandbeauty.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/endomembranesystem.png

  32. Typical Animal Cell http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/EukaryoticCellStructure.htm

  33. Plant Cells • Plant cells have all of the same structures as animal cells plus a few more: • Cell Wall —rigid layer outside the plasma membrane: made of cellulose • Central Vacuole —large sac that stores water, enzymes, wastes and other materials: provides support for plants when full • Plastids—organelles that contain their own DNA: three types: • Chloroplasts—contain chlorophyll: site of photosynthesis • Chromoplasts—contain colorful pigments (carrots, flowers, etc) • Amyloplasts—store starch

  34. A typical Plant cell http://www.harlem-school.com/5TH/sci_pdf/graphics/plant_cell.gif

  35. Compare them all http://gmgmesjwk.pbworks.com/f/ksjakja.bmp

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