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RADIATING Z-PINCH INVESTIGATION AND “BAIKAL” PROJECT FOR ICF

TRINITI ANGARA-5-1. RADIATING Z-PINCH INVESTIGATION AND “BAIKAL” PROJECT FOR ICF. Grabovski E., SRC RF TRINITI Presented by A. Kingsep Kurchatov Institute. 21st IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 16 - 21 October 2006 Chengdu, China. MOTIVATION.

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RADIATING Z-PINCH INVESTIGATION AND “BAIKAL” PROJECT FOR ICF

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  1. TRINITI ANGARA-5-1 RADIATING Z-PINCH INVESTIGATION AND “BAIKAL” PROJECT FOR ICF Grabovski E., SRC RF TRINITI Presented by A. Kingsep Kurchatov Institute 21st IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 16 - 21 October 2006 Chengdu, China

  2. MOTIVATION Z-pinch used wire arrays is a most energetic source of x-ray radiation. In experiments with wire arrays was received record energy contribution in spherical target Electrical Efficiency= 14% EX-ray =1.8 MJ TX-ray= 6 ns Rinitial/r final =15 N D-D=1013 («Z», Sandia, USA) COMPRESSION WIRE ARRAYS DIFFERS FROM CLASSICAL MODEL OF THE SNOW PLOUGH

  3. Two ways of investigations: Physics of wire array implosion for ICF Design of generator “BAIKAL” - power Z-pinch X-ray source for ICF

  4. SNOW PLOUGH COMPRESSION AND PROLONG PLASMA PRODUCTION ANGARA-5-1 (TRINITI) MAGPIE (IMPERIAL COLLEGE) Z (SANDIA) Initial Wire Shell Shell Final stage breakdown formation implosion stagnation 0 5 30 70 90 100 ns Wire Wire Trailing core core and lost mass expansion disappearance formation

  5. TRINITI ANGARA-5-1 ANGARA-5-1 NUMBER OF UNITS -8 OUTPUT PULSE ENERGY600 KJ PULSE DURATION 90 НС PULSE CURRENT4 МА LOADS: GAS PUFF, WIRE ARRAY, FOAM

  6. cm m m

  7. CURRENT DISTRIBUTION AT INITIAL AND INTERMEDIATE STAGE OF ARRAY IMPLOSION

  8. j B - probe ARRAY Anode Cathode Current probe Bφ MAGNETIC PROBES DESIGN 2 loops 0.3 mm

  9. TRINITI ANGARA-5-1 MAGNETIC PROBES DESIGN and ARRANGEMENT ANODE OUTER AND INNER ARRAY 2 LOOPS (CLOCKWISE AND COUNTERCLOCKWISE) SIGNALS

  10. TRINITI ANGARA-5-1 • AZIMUTHAL MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION IN WIRE ARRAY ARRAY: 40 tungsten wires, wire diameter  8 m, Array diameter 20 mm, height=10 mm, linear mass 380 g/cm DIFFERENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD MEASURED BETWEEN WIRES AND NEAR THE WIRES IS SMALL AFTER 40 NS

  11. DIFFERENCE OF BφMAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION FOR 0 ns AND 40 ns 0 ns 40 ns The sign of Bφ is changing in process of plasma jet transfer part of current from wire core to array center

  12. MASS DISTRIBUTION INSIDE ARRAY IN INTERMEDIATE STAGE OF IMPLOSION

  13. current-return post shielding X-pinch Anode Wire array BACKLIGHTING LAYOUT TRINITI ANGARA-5-1 Top view Side view Probing quanta energy region 3-5 keV Frame exposure < 1 ns Spatial resolution on array ~ 4 m

  14. TRINITI ANGARA-5-1 • MASS DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT BY X-PINCH RADIOGRAPHY 0.4 mm Test wire cores cores Timing X-pinch and implosion Radial Mass density profile g/cm2 Load:380g/cm array 12mm 40 W wire  8 9.5 g/cm/wire Specific mass profile profileg/cm

  15. IMAGES OF WIRES IN NESTED ARRAY 60 ns prior to X-Ray pulse 1 mm Outer array wire Inner array wire Array axis W, D=12mm, d=6m 60 ns prior to the maximum of the X-ray pulse. Outer wire - 50% of initial mass Inner wire - 80% of initial mass Plot of area density of array, m/cm2 The substance of outerwires are more rarefied. The size of outer is the same. Velocity of cores expansion does not depend on a flowing past current

  16. FINAL STAGE OF IMPLOSION

  17. JOINT EXPERIMENT TRINITI (Angara-5-1) - CAEP 8 FRAMES X-RAY CAMERA (PICO-CAMERA*, CAEP) FRAME EXPOSURE 85 ps FRAME-TO FRAME DELAY ~2 ns RESOLUTION ON OBJECT ~300 m SPECTRAL RANGE ~0.3-1.5keV • PICO-CAMERA WORKS IN A LINEAR MODE • PICO CAMERA ALLOWS TO CARRY OUT DIGITAL PROCESSING OF THE X-RAY IMAGES Pico-camera response with and without additional 2.2 m lavsan filter *This and next page see:Study of a Fine Spatial-Temporal Structure of X-Ray Emission of Z Pinch at the ”Angara-5-1” Installation, V. V. Aleksandrov, Lee Zhenhong, Peng Xianjue at al. BEAM,s 2004, .

  18. CAEP = TRINITI (Angara-5-1) THE X-RAY IMAGE OF Z -PINCHAT THE MOMENT CLOSE TO A MAXIMUM OF RADIATION Wire array: D=12 mm N=60 d= 6 m, W T= -1,5 nsbefore X-ray maximum IT IS SEEN THE CENTRAL BRIGHT AREA (D ~ 0,5 MM) AND PERIPHERY AREA (D ~ 3 MM) OF Z-PINCH. WHAT IS THE REASON OF EMISSION FROM PERIPHERY AREA WHERE DENSITY IS RATHER SMALL? IS IT NATURAL EMISSION OR RE-EMISSION?

  19. 12 a.u . relation 10 of spectral sensitivity 8 6 4 2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 E[ eV] 5 / 6 pinhole H 3.5 #3 / #4 I5,I6 3 7 / 8 pinhole H 3.5 2.5 #7 /#8 3 I7,I8 2 1 2.5 1.5 2 1 1 1.5 0.5 2 1 0 cm 1.8 2 2.2 0.5 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 cm ALLOCATION OF «HOT» AND «COLD» ZONES CAEP -TRINITI (Angara-5-1) h H=I(r)/I+f(r) The ratio h of responses for images with and without additional filter Inside a diameter of 0.5-1 mm more hard quantum’s than on periphery (h ~ 1.75-2) are radiated. On periphery H is constant despite of decreasing of intensities several times. PROBABLY PERIPHERY PLASMA RE-EMITS RADIATION OF THE CENTRAL ZONE. Z-pinch radius

  20. FINAL STAGE. ELECTRICAL ENERGY DEPOSITED TO ARRAY

  21. SIGNALS: U(t) - separatrix voltage ~ 100 mm from axis I(t) - current at ~ 55 mm from axis L0 is measured at testing procedure Calculated: L(t) - inductance between separartrix and r(t) U=(LI)’ +RI  L(t) = (U()d - RIdt)/ I(t) r(t)=r0exp((L0-L(t))/2h)

  22. 100 10 kJ TW L0 60 6 1 dt 0.8 0.6 0.4 20 2 0.2 0 0 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 700 750 800 850 900 950 Time_ns -1 700 750 800 850 900 950 ENERGY DEPOSITION AT SINGLE ARRAY W60 М=330 g 6 m 20 mm H=15mm _ dI Us 750 800 850 900 1MV Energy calculated from U,I X-ray energy and power Separatrix voltage and current derivative P(TW) Psxr Psxr 6mm 10 r(t) 8 6 4 U(r0) 2 1MV нс 0 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 Radius R(t)mm calculated from L(t) Voltage at r0 and X-ray power

  23. ENERGY DEPOSITION AT SINGLE ARRAY ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE PRESENCE ТВт 8 7 4 6 U*I 2 5 4 0 3 1 I 2 2 3 1 4 0 МА 750 800 850 900 750 800 850 900 950 60W,  6 m, M=330 g,12 Deposited energy 85 kJ CALCULATED FINAL RADIUS RI=25 M !!! Ropt= 1mm !!! Ropt>> RI The additional resistance presence!

  24. THE «BAIKAL» PROJECT The goal - creation of the power source of X-ray radiation for ICF The base - three flywheel generators TKD-200 (3 GJ) and an inductive storage TIN-900 (900 MJ) in TRINITI The generation scheme - a step-by-step compressing of the pulse in several inductive storage The parameters of the ‘Baikal’ installation Load current 50MA Current pulse duration 100300 ns Electric pulse power 5001000TW X-ray radiation energy 1015 MJ Radiation pulse duration 10 ns Method of X-ray generation Implosion of plasma liners

  25. THE BLOCK-SCHEME OF «BAIKAL» FACILITY 32*2 MODULES LINER ENGINES TKD-200 POS TRANSFORMERS MAGNETIC COMPRESSORS MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS Еstore = 3 GJ  Eout = 30 MJ  E = 10-15 MJ T = 6 s T = 150 ns T = 10 ns TIN-900

  26. THE «MOL» STAND A prototype of the future module of the "Baikal" generator The goal - investigation and optimization of the generation circuit of an electric pulse The "MOL" stand is created in TRINITI A key circuit units of the stand is tested at separate installations: POS - in «Kurchatov Institute» Magnetic compressor - "PUMA" installation in TRINITI Explosive switches - in D.V. Efremov SRIEA (NIIEFA) Fuse switches - in RFNC VNIITF

  27. THE BLOCK-SCHEME OF «MOL» STAND Inductive Load Iout = 1,5MA, Uout = 4,5MV, t = 150 ns POS Transformer Magnetic Compressor 3MJ, 2s Magnetic Amplifier Collector of Second Switching Step Inductive Storage, IN1 3,2MJ, 100s 7MJ, 300s Capacitor Bank, 3 mF Engine 12MJ, 2s

  28. ARRANGEMENT OF «MOL» STAND Magnetic Amplifier Inductive Storage System Control Panel Vacuum System Magnetic Compressor Plasma Opening Switch Second Switching Step of IN1 Capacitor Bank Transformer Raising Voltage

  29. MAGNETIC COMPRESSOR Photo of the «PUMA» installation Scheme of Magnetic Compressor Tape The reasons of plate geometry choice 1. Uniform acceleration of the plates along their length 2. High output energy at low energy density in the compressed cavity 3. Low cost of the plates 4. The possibility of initial magnetic flux generation without additional source of energy Capacitor bank - 3.2 mF, 35 kV Energy of battery - 2 MJ Current - 3,2 MA T1/2 - 100 s Velocity of tape - 1 km/s

  30. SCHEMES OF THE CAPTURE OF THE MAGNETIC FLUX IN MC scheme with closing switch) and a large load cavity (14 cm2)

  31. time, s MAGNETIC FLUX CAPTURING AND COMPRESSING

  32. PLASMA OPENING SWITCHES TASKS: Output voltage 3-5 MV Parallel POS working Design

  33. Anode Input energy store To output Magnetic coils Cathode Plasma guns Plasma open switch scheme

  34. TO MARX I1 I2 SWITCHING OF TWO PRALLEL POS TOTAL CURRENT150 kA OUTPUT PULSE DURATION 100 ns JITTER40 ns 100 кА 0 10 20 us OUTPUT SWITCH THE OUTPUT SWITCH BEFORE LOAD PROVIDES FULL SWITCHING THE CURRENT TO THE LOAD THE OUTPUT SWITCH BEFORE LOAD PROVIDES MUTUAL SYNCHRONIZATION OF TWO POS 0 2 4 us

  35. CONCLUSIONS • In TRINITI with cooperation with Kurchatov Institute, Efremov Institute and VNIITF are investigated Z-pinches as source of X-ray emission for ICF. Both physical (Angar-5-1) and technical ( test bed “MOL” for “Baikal” generator) problems are under investigations. • At “Angara-5-1” the difference of wire array implosion from “snow plough ” model is investigated. It was demonstrated: • Up to 40 ns the current flows in separate channels near wires. There are no continuous current envelope up to this time. • Dense wire plasma cores exist at initial wire array position more than a half of implosion time. Velocity of wire cores expansion does not depend on a flowing past current. • There are two emissive zone at the moment of maximum X-ray emission. Probably periphery plasma re-emits radiation of the central zone. • Comparison between radius from optical or x-ray image allow to detect addition resistance without quantitative x-ray measurement

  36. At “MOL” the scheme of pulse generation for generator “BAIKAL” is developed. The following experimental results were obtained when creating the “MOL module : the first two stages of power amplification are in operation. The 30-fold multiplied current up to 150 mks at a voltage of over 20 kV was produced; acceleration characteristics of the MC plates are well predicted using 2-d calculation models developed; a method of initial magnetic flux generation in the area of liner compression using “capture “ of a flux part from the accelerating contour and 20-fold magnetic induction amplification in the area of converging accelerated plates has been experienced; the output switch before load provides full switching the current to the load the output switch before load provides mutual synchronization of two POS

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