1 / 43

Energy in Tropical Climates a practical approach

Energy in Tropical Climates a practical approach. CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium. Overview. Basic elements Energy Types and sources Generation – conversion – transport – storage – consommation Tropical-specific situations Micro-climate Independency

Download Presentation

Energy in Tropical Climates a practical approach

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Energy in Tropical Climatesa practical approach • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  2. Overview • Basic elements • Energy • Types and sources • Generation – conversion – transport – storage – consommation • Tropical-specific situations • Micro-climate • Independency • People • The Field Hospital • Design • Maintenance • Tropical Toolkit • Questions • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  3. Basic Elements • Energy • Greek: ενεργός => “active, working” • Energy = the capacity to do work • Mechanical interpretation Power [Watt] Energy [Joule] Work [Joule] • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  4. Basic Elements • Energy • Greek: ενεργός => “active, working” • Energy = the capacity to do work • Electrical interpretation Power [Watt] Energy [Joule] Work [Joule] • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  5. Basic Elements • Types and sources of Energy • Mechanical energy • Movement off mass: waterstream, rotating axis,… • Loaded spring • Compressed air • Thermal energy • Heat or cold • Boiler • Heat pump • Refridgerator • Electrical energy • Movement of elektrons (ampère) • Battery/generator/dynamo/… • Chemical energy • Endothermal/exothermal reactions • Reduction/oxidation reactions • Battery • Nuclear Energy Energy [Joule] Power [Watt] Work [Joule] • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  6. Basic Elements 3. Generation – conversion – transport – storage - consommation • Consommation - type • Heat / cold : refridgeration, air-conditioning • Electricity: laptops, microscopes, lights,… • … • Generation - type • Mechanical: rotating axis (wind, water-stream) • Fysico-Chemical: Acid solution, Solar radiation • … • Conversion Performance • From one type to another • Within the same type (for example high voltage => low voltage) • Always loss of energy => minimize amount of conversions • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  7. Basic Elements 3. Generation – conversion – transport – storage - consommation • Transport of energy • Heat / cold : piping-systems • Electricity: wires and cables • … • Storage of energy • Difficult • Not possible without losses • E.g.: battery systems (long term storage), fly wheel (short term storage) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  8. Tropical-specific situations 1. Micro-Climate • Extreme temperatures: up to 40 °C is normal • Cooling of computers/engines/generators more difficult • Cold chain for medicines is must • Extreme humidity: up to 100% relative humidity • Heavy corrosion problems • Short circuits because of condensate • Extreme Lightening • Tension peakes damages elektrical equipment • Extreme Rain • Damages ill-protected electrical circuits • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  9. Tropical-specific situations 2. lndependancy • No oroldLocalareaenergy-systems • Veryinsulated areas => transport-cost • Long-distance transport => spare-parts! • LocalPeople • Verypore • Understanding attitude is must • basictoolkit, spare-parts and back-up systemsnecessary • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  10. The Field Hospital • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  11. The Field Hospital • Design • Consommation detail • Generation possibilities • Back up systems • Protection of the complete system • Human protection • Maintenance • Small maintenance • Big maintenance • Spare parts • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  12. The Field Hospital • Design: Consommation detail • Office: 2 normal rooms • Light bulbs: 4 x 50 W = 200 W • TL-lights (give brighter light): 4 x 20 W = 80 W • Computers: 2 x 400 W = 800 W • Laptops: 3 x 75 W = 225 W • Air-conditioning: 1 x 1.8 kW = 1.8 kW • Ventilators: 2 x 60 W = 120 W • Printers: 1 x 100 Watt => TOTAL = 3.3 kW • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  13. The Field Hospital • Design: Consommation detail • Lab (1 room) • Light bulbs: 2 x 50 W = 100 W • TL-lights (give brighter light): 2 x 20 W = 40 W • Computers: 1 x 400 W = 400 W • Air-conditioning: 1 x 1.8 kW = 1.8 kW • Microscopes: 2 x 50 W = 100 W • Sterilisator / autoclaves: 2 x 1.4 kW • Refridgerator (6°C): 1 x 200W • Fridge (- 20 °C): 1 x 350 W => TOTAL = 5.8 kW • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  14. The Field Hospital • Design: Consommation detail • Surgery (1 room) • Light bulbs: 2 x 50 W = 100 W • TL-lights (give brighter light): 2 x 20 W = 40 W • Operating Lamp: 2 x 80 W = 160 W • Air-conditioning: 2 x 1.8 kW = 3.6 kW • Aspirator/Oxygen-equipment: 300W => TOTAL = 4.2 kW • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  15. The Field Hospital • Design: Consommation detail - Overview • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  16. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Demands = Electrical energy for equipment • Tension = 230 V • 2 phazes • Alternating current (AC) • 50 Hz • Power determined according to previous information • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  17. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Solar Systems - characteristics • The panel: photovoltaic cells (silicium semi-conductant) • Solar energy is converted into electrical energy • The power-generation: Direct-current (DC) • Tension generation = 12 V • Sun-dependent • Orientation-dependent • Expensive • Generation: 125 Wp / m² • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  18. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Solar Systems 12V - Direct current Invertor (12V/230V) Consommation 125 W >125 W <125 W REMINDER: EVERY Equipment in the conversion chain, must be able to transport the power. PROBLEM: Sun does not shine when we would like to, even in tropical climates • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  19. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Solar Systems with integrated battery-system 12V - Direct current Charger/Invertor (12V/230V) Consommation 125 W >125 W <125 W Battery: 12 V, 120 Ah • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  20. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems • Motor/Engine From chemical energy (diesel) into mechanical energy • Rotating axis • Generator/Alternator • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  21. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems: Types • Mono-phaze (2 cables output) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  22. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems: Types • Tri-phaze (4 cables output) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  23. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems: Types • Monophaze Tri-phaze => Tri-phaze better for tropical climates because of lower rotationspeed of the axis. (lower wear and tear) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  24. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems: characteristics • Power-output in kVA e.g. 15 kVA • Performance in cosinus-phi e.g. 0.8 • Mono-phaze or 3: Power calculation is different! • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  25. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities: CONCLUSIONS • Combination of solar and generator systems • Smaller power demand (lights, portable pc) with solar panels => +- 6 m² is necessary with 3 batteries of 120 Ah, 12V • Higher powerdemands (cooling, sterilisation) with generator => Rest with 3-phaze generator of 10 kVA (3.5 L/h diesel) • Emergency-power (in case of surgery) => 3-phaze generator of 5 kVA (2.5L/h diesel) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  26. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities: CONCLUSIONS • Extras: depending on local opportunities • Micro-hydro central (5 up to 100 kW) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  27. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities: CONCLUSIONS • Extras: depending on local opportunities • Vertical-axis wind mill (300W up to 20 kW) => minimum wind-speed of 8 km/h necessary! • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  28. The Field Hospital • Design: Back-up system • UPS • Uninterruptible Power Supply • Based on batteries (loaded) and regulating electronics with detection system • Characterized by maximal power (kW) and maximum stand-alone run time (usually 5 up to 10 minutes) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  29. The Field Hospital • Design: Back-up system • UPS • Most reliable type: double-conversion method • Protects at same time for powerdips, tensionspikes, frequency-modulation … • Double energy-conversion = losses (up to 10 %) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  30. The Field Hospital • Design: Back-up system • UPS • Alternative types: off-line UPS • Start time 2 ms after feeding-disturbance • Only reliable when current falls out • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  31. The Field Hospital • Design: Back-up system • UPS • Alternative types: line-interactive UPS • Incoming power is filtered • Not as much certainty as double conversion UPS • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  32. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Tension-disturbance • Lightening • Failure of alternator • After start of heavy electric equipment • UPS double conversion type • AVR-technologie (Automatic Voltage Regulation) DUST-FREE • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  33. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Current-protection • Lightening • Failure of alternator • During start of heavy electric equipment • On every line (phaze and zero-line) • Don’t take it out! • TT 250/62mA • TT250/1.6A DUST-FREE • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  34. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Earthening of equipment • To protect the steel casing/chassis to get loaded because of elektromagnetic coupling or leakage current • Protects against possible elektroshocks. VERY IMPORTANT FOR WEAK PATIENTS • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  35. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Earthening of equipment • Connection of casing with the earth • Wires have to be big enough, otherwise no protection • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  36. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Differential current-switch • Human elektro-shock • Loading of other tool with tension (static) => On every phaze ! • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  37. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Lightening – Faraday’s cage • Static tension in clouths above earth • Break through of the current in the atmosphere into earth • Looks for high peaks • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  38. The Field Hospital 2. Maintenance: Strugle against DUST, HEAT and SUN • Electric devices/networks • Keep the performance of the equipment high • Keep clean from dust • Check protection switches by means of multimeter • Every 6 months, complete electric circuit has to be checked (connections screwed, insulation of wiring, ..) • Keep the consommation in balance with the production • Check on regular basis battery-quality • Check the UPS-systems • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  39. The Field Hospital 2. Maintenance: Strugle against DUST, HEAT and SUN • Mechanics • Keep clean (cooling fans of motors, electric connections) • Exhaust gases of motors must be able to quit the place • Steel moving parts: clean and grease • Rubber bands: check for deterioration and replace in time • Transparancy-Test the fuel in a glass before consuming it • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  40. The Field Hospital 3. Tropical toolkit • Multimeter • Basic tools • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  41. The Field Hospital 3. Tropical toolkit • Spare-protection • Spare wiring/contacts • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  42. The Field Hospital 3. Tropical toolkit • Oil/grease • Rubber • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  43. Questions ? • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

More Related