MGMT 276: Statistical Inference in Management Spring , 2013

1. MGMT 276: Statistical Inference in ManagementSpring, 2013 Welcome Remember to hold onto homework until we have a chance to cover it

2. Statistical Inference in Management Instructor:Suzanne Delaney, Ph.D. Office:405 “N” McClelland Hall Phone:621-2045 Email:delaney@u.arizona.edu Office hours:2:00 – 3:30Mondays and Fridays and by appointment

3. Use this as your study guide By the end of lecture today1/24/13 Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio Field observation/naturalistic research Surveys and questionnaire design Snowball sampling, convenience sampling Questionnaire design and evaluation

4. Schedule of readings Before next exam: Please read chapters 1 - 4 & Appendix D & E in Lind Please read Chapters 1, 5, 6 and 13 in Plous Chapter 1: Selective Perception Chapter 5: Plasticity Chapter 6: Effects of Question Wording and Framing Chapter 13: Anchoring and Adjustment

5. Homework due – Thursday (January 31st) On class website: please print and complete homeworks 2 & 3 Please double check – Allcell phones other electronic devices are turned off and stowed away

6. Please click in My last name starts with a letter somewhere between A. A – D B. E – L C. M – R D. S – Z

8. Homework review You are looking to see if “class standing” affects the “level of sales”. Class standing Independent variable (IV):______________ Number of levels of IV: ________________ (how many means?) Quasi or True experiment:______________ Dependent variable: __________________ Between or within participant design: ______________ In this study, what is the operational definition of “class standing”? In this study, what is the operational definition of “level of sales”? 4 Quasi Level of sales Between Classification based on units earned Number of bags of peanuts sold

9. Homework review You are looking to see whether “type of program” has an effect on “body transformation”. Please identify the following variables: Independent variable (IV):______________ Number of levels of IV: _______________ (how many means?) Quasi or True experiment:______________ Dependent variable: __________________ Between or within participant design: ______________ What is the operational definition of “type of program”? What is the operational definition of “body transformation”?   Type of program 2 True Body transformation Between Type of program = type of diet (regular versus programmatic diet) Body transformation = number of pounds lost

10. Homework review You are looking to see which driving choice is most efficient. So you ask each driver to drive each of the three routes and time themselves on how long it takes. Please identify the following variables: Independent variable (IV):______________ (how many means) Number of levels of IV: ________________ Dependent variable: __________________ Between or within participant design: ______________ What is the operational definition of “driving efficiency”? What is the operational definition of “driving choice”? Type of route 3 driving efficiency Within Driving efficiency = travel time (measured in minutes) Driving choice = route taken

11. Homework review

12. Notice that the operational definition of each construct matters Homework review

13. gender Homework review 2 quasi salary between nominal ratio

14. Name of City 3 Quasi- experiment Temperature Between Nominal Interval

15. Homework review city 3 quasi temperature between nominal interval Must be complete and must be stapled Hand in your homework

17. Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz Ari conducted a watermelon seed spitting experiment. She wanted to know if people can spit farther if they get a running start. She tested 100 people. She randomly assigned them into one of two groups. One group stood still on the starting line and spit their watermelon seeds as far as they could. The second group was allowed to run up to the starting line before they spit their watermelon seeds. She measured how far each person spit their watermelon seeds. Please answer the following questions 1. What is the independent variable? 2. The independent variable: Is it continuous or discrete? 3. The independent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? 4. What is the dependent variable? 5. The dependent variable: Is it continuous or discrete? 6. The dependent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? 7. Is this a quasi or true experiment? 8. Is this a within or between participant design 9. Is this a single blind, double blind or not at all blind experiment? 10. Be sure to put your name, lab session, and CID on this page

18. Questionnaires use self-report items for measuring constructs. Constructs are operationally defined by content of items. Wording “Would you say our president is a great president or the greatest president?” The Colbert Report How might we word a question about more strict gun control legislation if we wanted it to reflect support / not? How might we word a question about the gay marriage if we wanted it to reflect support / not? Order How satisfied are you with your relationships with your family? How satisfied are you with your relationship with your romantic partner? spouse?

19. 5 Principles of questionnaire construction 1. Make sure items match research objectives & Identify what constructs you are trying to understand (Be explicit in identifying your constructs) • 2. Responders have the answers to our questions • We are tapping into their attitudes/beliefs/ knowledge • Understand your research participants • “think like” the responders / consider their sensibilities • use appropriate, natural and familiar language (for them) 3. Use appropriate, natural and familiar language

20. 5 Principles of questionnaire construction • 3. Assessment should feel easy and clear, unthreatening • Be clear, precise and concise (short questions) • Minimize use of contingency questions • Start with most friendly (least threatening) questions first • then at the end “now a couple questions about you” (foot in the door phenomenon) • Avoid double negatives • For example: • Agree or disagree? • Teachers shouldn’t have less contact with parents • 4. Avoid ambiguity and bias in your items • Avoid “double-barreled” questions - Difficult to interpret answers • Avoid leading or loaded questions - Can introduce bias • Consider problem of acquiescence – Ask question in different ways • (careful with coding)

21. 5 Principles of questionnaire construction 5. Consider lots of different formats for responses • Consider open-ended vsclosed-ended questions - pros and cons of each - can often modify a question into a closed question • Consider complementing your questionnaire with other forms of data collection (focus group or direct observation) • Pilot – feedback – fix - pilot – analyze – fix - pilot – etc Respect process of empirical approach

22. Types of questions

23. Likert Rating scales: measure that allows for rating the level of agreement with a statement. The score reflects the sum of responses on a series of items. Rating scales: a continuum of response choices Anchored rating scales: a written description somewhere on the scale I prefer rap music to classical music Agree 1---2---3---4---5 Disagree Fully anchored rating scales: a written description for each point on the scale I prefer rap music to classical music 1---------2---------3---------4---------5 StronglyDisagree StronglyAgree Agree Disagree Neutral

24. Summated scales - miniquiz (like Cosmo - ask several questions then sum responses) - For example, several questions on political views (coded so that larger numbers mean “more liberal”) 1. The rights of the community are more important than rights of any one individual agree 1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 disagree 2. Marriage should be between one man and one woman agree 1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 disagree 3. Evolution has no place in public education agree 1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 disagree

25. Ranking scales Rank options in ascending or descending order An apartment / house should have ___ lots of square feet ___ access to bus route ___ pleasant neighbors ___ workshop / workout area ___ big rooms ___ close to work / school Note: Options can come from open-ended questions or surveys

26. Semantic differential Create a profile of your opinion An apartment / house should be (place checkmarks) Cozy and small___ _______________roomy and large Quiet ___ _______________Active community Larger communal rooms ___ _______________Larger bedrooms Note: Options can come from open-ended questions or surveys

27. Checklist An apartment / house should have ___ lots of square feet ___ access to bus route ___ pleasant neighbors ___ workshop / workout area ___ big rooms ___ close to work / school Note: Options can come from open-ended questions or surveys

28. Questionnaires use self-report items for measuring constructs. Constructs are operationally defined by content of items. Questionnaire is a set of fixed-format, self-report items completed without supervision or time-constraint Response rate and power of random sampling Number of responders versus percentage of responders Really important regarding bias! Wording, order, balance can all affect results

29. Questionnaires use self-report items for measuring constructs. Constructs are operationally defined by content of items. As “consumers” of questionnaire data – what should we ask? Number of responders versus percentage of responders Methodology of sampling Operational definitions of constructs Wording As “composers” of questionnaire data – how should we ask? - pilot – fix - pilot – analyze – fix - pilot – all the way through your design

30. Questionnaire Homework

31. Questionnaire Homework

32. Questionnaire Homework What might you graph?

33. Questionnaire Homework Variable label and scale values Variable label and scale values

34. Thank you! See you next time!!