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Common errors 02

Common errors 02. Contents: Writing Numbers Reducing dependent clauses Collocation Phrasal verbs Common confused words . Writing Numbers. Although usage varies, most people spell out numbers that can be expressed in one or two words and use figures for other numbers.

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Common errors 02

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  1. Common errors 02

  2. Contents: • Writing Numbers • Reducing dependent clauses • Collocation • Phrasal verbs • Common confused words

  3. Writing Numbers • Although usage varies, most people spell out numbers that can be expressed in one or two words and use figures for other numbers. (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/593/01/)

  4. Words (less than “100”) • six million dollars • after thirty-one years • eighty-three people • over two pounds Figures (more than “100”) (100 以上的數目如能以兩個字來表示者例外) • only $31.50 • 6,381 bushels • 4.78 liters • after 126 days There are twenty-six students in my wife's third-grade class. Michael is over 183 centimeters tall.

  5. some examples of specific situations. Days and Years • December 12, 1965 or 12 December, 1965 • A.D. 1066 • in 1900 • in 1971-72 or in 1971-1972 • the eighties, the twentieth century • the 1980's or the 1980s Time of Day • 8:00 A.M. (or) a.m. (or) eight o'clock in the morning • 4:30 P.M. (or) p.m. (or) half-past four in the afternoon The first election results are expected around 1 a.m.

  6. Addresses • 16 Tenth Street • 350 West 114 Street Identification Numbers • Room 8 • Channel 18 • Interstate 65

  7. Page and Division of Books • page 30 • chapter 6 Decimals and Percentages • a 2.7 average • 13 1/4 percent • .037 metric ton Large Round Numbers • four billion dollars (or) $4 billion • 16,500,000 (or) 16.5 million • Tickets cost $35.50 apiece. • The city spent $1.1 million for snow  removal last year. (or $1,100,000.)

  8. Notes on Usage Repeat numbers in legal or commercial writing. • The bill will not exceed one hundred (100) dollars. Numbers in series and statistics should be consistent. • two apples, six oranges, and three bananas • NOT: two apples, 6 oranges, and 3 bananas • 115 feet by 90 feet (or) 115' x 90' • scores of 25-6 (or) scores of 25 to 6 • The vote was 9 in favor and 5 opposed

  9. Write out numbers beginning sentences. (O)Six percent of the group failed. (X) 6% of the group failed. Use a combination of figures and words for numbers when such a combination will keep your writing clear. • Unclear: The club celebrated the birthdays of 6 90-year-olds who were born in the city. (may cause the reader to read '690' as one number.) • Clearer: The club celebrated the birthdays of six 90-year-olds who were born in the city.

  10. Reducing Dependent Clauses • We can save words by reducing a dependent clause to a phrase or a word.

  11. 1. Reducing dependent clauses to prepositional phrases The man who is wearing the white coat is the lab chief. The man in the white coat is the lab chief. (2 words saved) When the executives had finished the meeting, they went to a party. After the meeting, the executives went to a party. (4 words saved)

  12. 2. Reducing dependent clauses to infinitive phrases I skipped lunch so that I could cut down on my weight. I skipped lunch to cut down on my weight. (2 words saved) He took Technical Writing so that he would be prepared for future work assignments. He took Technical Writing to prepare for future work assignments. (4 words saved)

  13. 3. Reducing dependent clauses to participles or participial phrases While he read all of the morning mails, he planned the next meeting. Reading the mails, he planned the next meeting. (5 words saved) Because Mary works as a high-paid programmer, she has saved up a lot of money. Working as a high-paid programmer, Mary has saved up a lot money. (4 words saved)

  14. 4. Reducing dependent clauses to adverbs. The boss argued in a manner that was very angry with the workers. The boss argued angrily with the workers. (6 words saved) All morning she awaited his return at the airport, in the course of which she became nervous. All morning she nervously awaited his return at the airport. (7 words saved)

  15. 5. Reducing dependent clauses to adjectives People like to wear a tie that has a lot of stripes on it. People like to wear a striped tie. (7 words saved) Chandler, who works at a full-time job at IBM, held a New Year party for us. Chandler, a full-time IBM worker, held a New Year party for us. (4 words saved)

  16. The four-step reduction technique • Find the dependent clause • Which is the most important word(s) in this clause? • Covert the key word(S) into a prepositional phrase, a participle (participial phrase), an infinitive phrase, an adjective, or an adverb. • Shortened sentence

  17. examples • He designed a house that a family could live in. (adj clause) He designed a livable house. (5 words saved) • Until the general election, he was the candidate who led all of the rest of the people running. (adj clause) Until the general election, he was the leading candidate. (8 words saved)

  18. Practice 1. One of the reasons for our poor profits this year is that inflationary influences are operating against us. One of the reasons for our poor profits this year is inflation. 2. She spoke to him in a manner that revealed her impatience. She spoke to him impatiently.

  19. 3. A decision that operates impartially for all is sometimes difficult to make. An impartial decision is sometimes difficult to make. 4. The orders from the boss, which amazed all of us, upset the program in a way that was complete to say the least. The amazing orders from the boss completely upset the program.

  20. Collocation英文片語的組合 • Collocation is the relationship between two words or groups of words that often go together and form a common expression.

  21. If the expression is heard often, the words become 'glued' together in our minds. 'Crystal clear', 'middle management' 'nuclear family' and 'cosmetic surgery' are examples of collocated pairs of words. • Some words are often found together because they make up a compound noun, for example 'riding boots' or 'motor cyclist'. • These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". Look at these examples:

  22. Why learn collocations? • Your language will be more natural and more easily understood. • You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself. • It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.

  23. How to learn collocations • Be aware of collocations, and try to recognize them when you see or hear them. • When you learn a new word, write down other words that collocate with it. • Read as much as possible. Reading is an excellent way to learn vocabulary and collocations in context and naturally. • Revise what you learn regularly. Practice using new collocations in context as soon as possible after learning them. • Learn collocations in groups that work for you. You could learn them by topic (time, number, weather, money, family) or by a particular word (take action, take a chance, take an exam). • You can find information on collocations in any good learner's dictionary. And you can also find specialized dictionaries of collocations.

  24. Phrasal verbs Types of Collocation There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are: • Adverb + Adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied) • Adjective + Noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy) • Noun + Noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger) • Noun + Verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout) • Verb + Noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide) • Verb + Preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears) • Verb + Adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly)

  25. 1. Adverb + Adjective • Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do. • We entered a richly decorated room. • Are you fully aware of the implications of your action?

  26. 2. Adjective + Noun • The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise. • The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage. • He was writhing on the ground in excruciating pain. • busy / congested / heavy（Ｘ：crowded）traffic • strong（Ｘ：thick / mighty）tea • weak（Ｘ：thin / feeble）tea • black（Ｘ：red）tea • 「空頭支票」a bad / rubber（Ｘ：empty）check • a documentary（Ｘ：record）film

  27. 3. Noun + Noun • Let's give Mr. Jones a round of applause. • The ceasefire agreement came into effect at 11am. • I'd like to buy two bars of soap please.

  28. 4. Noun + Verb • The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking. • Snow was falling as our plane took off. • The bomb went off when he started the car engine.

  29. 5. Verb + Noun • The prisoner was hanged for committing murder. • I always try to do my homework in the morning, after making my bed. • He has been asked to give a presentation about his work. • 「洗衣服」do laundry（Ｘ：wash） • 「接電話」answer（Ｘ：receive）the phone • 「開支票」make out / write (out)（Ｘ：open）a check • 「舉例」cite /give / provide（Ｘ：raise）an example • 「提出辭呈」hand in / submit /tender（Ｘ：raise） one's resignation • 「度過難關」get over / overcome / tide over（Ｘ：cross） one’s difficulties • 「提出申請」file / make / send in / submit（Ｘ：raise） an application • 「犯錯」 make（Ｘ：do） a mistake • 「打太極拳」do（Ｘ：play） Taichi • 「養成好習慣」cultivate / develop / form / foster a good habit； • 「革除壞習慣」break / break off /drop / shake off a bad habit； • 「畫妝」wear make-up

  30. Combinations with Take, Have and Break • Combinations with Catch, Pay and keep • Combinations with Save, Find and Go • Combinations with Come, Get and Feel • Combinations with Miss, Get, Do and Make (http://esl.about.com/b/2003/10/29/collocations.htm)

  31. take break break take have take have have take break take take break break take break break have Collocation Use with Take, Have and Break • ______ someone's heart • ______ a bath • ______ someone's temperature • ______ a relationship • ______ a promise • ______ a chance • ______ a habit • ______ the ice • ______ a problem • ______ a break • ______ a leg • ______ a headache • ______ a haircut • ______ an exam • ______ a seat • ______ the law • ______ a taxi • ______ a world record

  32. catch catch keep pay keep keep pay catch keep keep keep pay catch keep keep catch Collocation Use with Catch, Pay and Keep • ______ a fright • ______ an appointment • ______ quiet • ______ cash • ______ a secret • ______ a diary • ______ someone's eye • ______ the change • ______ a cold • ______ attention • ______ a pet • ______ a bus • ______ control • ______ the bill • ______ a promise • ______ someone's attention

  33. save find find save go save go find / save find save save find find go go go Collocation Use with Save, Find and Go • ______ a solution • ______ someone a seat • ______ electricity • ______ space • ______ one's strength • ______ a way • ______ dark • ______ abroad • ______time • ______a partner • ______mad • ______wild • ______the answer • ______energy • ______happiness • ______white

  34. get feel come feel get get feel come get get feel come get come feel Collocation Use with Come, Get and Feel • ______ nervous • ______ prepared • ______ drunk • ______ proud • ______ lost • ______ sleepy • ______ worried • ______ hurt • ______ ready • ______ tense • ______ married • ______ last • ______ started • ______ early • ______ close

  35. do miss get get make make make make make miss make do get make do miss get make Collocation Use with Miss, Get, Do and Make • ______ nothing • ______ the message • ______ a noise • ______ trouble • ______ peace • ______ a change • ______ one's best • ______ a mistake • ______ a flight • ______ a mess • ______ a goal • ______ home • ______ progress • ______ an effort • ______ a chance • ______ frightened • ______ the housework • ______ permission

  36. 動詞六大金剛 • Do • Make • Have • Take • Go • Get

  37. 6. Verb + Adverb • She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down. • Mary whispered softly in John's ear. • I vaguely remember that it was growing dark when we left.

  38. 7. Verb + Preposition • We had to return home because we had run out of money. • At first her eyes filled with horror, and then she burst into tears. • Their behavior was enough to drive anybody to crime.

  39. Phrasal Verbs片語動詞 • A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb.

  40. Phrasal verbs are particularly frequent in the English language. A phrasal verb often has a meaning which is different from the original verb. • Alternative terms for phrasal verb are ‘compound verb’, ‘verb-adverb combination’, ‘verb-particle construction’, “two-part word/verb’ and ‘three-part word/verb’ (depending on the number of particles), and multi-word verb. • 'Preposition' and 'adverb' as used in a phrasal verb are also called 'particle' in that they do not alter their form through inflections.

  41. Types of phrasal verbs Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated from the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaning they cannot take a direct object. knowing what type a verb is can be useful for two reasons. Firstly, it shows you the grammatical construction, and secondly, some verbs can be more than one type and change meaning accordingly. • Intransitive • Transitive • Separable • Inseparable

  42. 1. Intransitive Phrasal Verbs • An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object. Examples: catch on (meaning: to understand) (O): After I explained the math problem, she began to catch on.(X): She began to catch on the math problem. (catch on cannot take a direct object in this meaning.) show up (meaning: appear) (O): He suddenly showed up.

  43. Intransitive Phrasal Verbs • Get around • Keep on • Pick up • Clear out • Blow up • Carry on • Check up • Fill in • Fill out • Come out

  44. More examples: The plane took off two hours late.He left his wife and children and went away.There was a horrible smell in the fridge because the chicken had gone off.All right, I don't know. I give up. • Because there's no object, you don't have to worry about where to put it! • The main difficulty is when a verb can be more than one type. For example, a plane can take off (no object), but a person can take off a coat (with object). This second example would not be a “transitive verb”.

  45. 2. Transitive Phrasal Verbs • An transitive verb can be followed by an object. Examples: make up (meaning: to invent something) (O): I made up the story. ("story" is the object of "make up" ) (O): I made up an excuse about having to look after the kids. (O): She made it up.

  46. Examples: (O): My sister takes after my mother.(X): My sister takes my mother after. (O): I'm looking for my credit card. Have you seen it?(X): I'm looking my credit card for. Have you seen it? (O): I'm looking forward to the holidays.

  47. 3. Separable Phrasal Verbs • Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. These verbs have an object. This object can go after the verb or between the two parts of the verb. Examples: add up (meaning: to add) (O): She added upthe total on her calculator. (O): She addeditup on her calculator. (O): I talkedmy motherinto letting me borrow the car.(O): She lookedthe phone numberup.

  48. 3. Separable Phrasal Verbs • Wash off • Work out • Try out • Fix up • Take over • See through • Send over • Keep up

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