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CHAPTER 9 Cellular Respiration

CHAPTER 9 Cellular Respiration. 9-1 Chemical Pathways. Chemical Energy and Food calorie- amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 ° Celsius. “Calorie”, kilocalorie - 1000 calories 1 gram of glucose when burned has 3811 calories of energy.

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CHAPTER 9 Cellular Respiration

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  1. CHAPTER 9 Cellular Respiration

  2. 9-1 Chemical Pathways Chemical Energy and Food calorie- amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1° Celsius. “Calorie”, kilocalorie- 1000 calories 1 gram of glucose when burned has 3811 calories of energy

  3. Overview of Cellular Respiration • 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy • Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → 6O2 + C6H12O6 • Cellular Respiration- process the releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

  4. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis- takes place in the chloroplast • Cellular Respiration- takes place in the mitochondrion

  5. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis produces ATP and NADPH • Cellular Respiration produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2

  6. Electron Carriers • NADP+ + 2e- + H+ ↔ NADPH • NADP + Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate • NAD+ + 2e- + H+ ↔ NADH • NAD + Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide • FAD + 2e- + 2H+ ↔ FADH2 • FAD Flavine adenine dinucleotide

  7. 3 Main Parts of Cellular Respiration • 1. Glycolysis • 2. Krebs Cycle • 3. Electron Transport Chain

  8. Overview Electron Transport Chain

  9. 1. Glycolysis • Takes place in the cytoplasm • Does NOT require oxygen • Glucose is broken down into two molecule of pyruvate. • Two phases • Energy investment- takes 2 ATP to get started • Energy return • 4 ATP are produced (gain of 2 ATP) • 2 NADH

  10. ATP • ATP is adenosine triphosphate • 3 phosphate groups • ADP (2 phosphate groups) + Phosphate group → ATP

  11. Electron Carriers • NAD+ + 2e- + H+ ↔ NADH • Uncharged Charged

  12. Glycolysis 4 ADP 4 ATP 2 ATP 2 ADP Glucose C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 NADH

  13. 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Glycolysis : Turns Glucose into 2 Pyruvate molecules 90% of the energy is still trapped in Pyruvate To get this energy oxygen is needed Aerobic respiration- with oxygen Anaerobic respiration- without oxygen

  14. 2. The Krebs CyclePreparation • The Krebs Cycle will break down Pyruvate into CO2 and extract energy. • Step 1. Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion

  15. 2. The Krebs Cycle Preparation • Step 2. One CO2 molecule is released. NAD+ forms NADH. • Step 3. Coenzyme A joins the 2-Carbon intermediate to form Acetyl CoA.

  16. 2. The Krebs Cycle Preparation • Step 4. Acetyl CoA will enter the Krebs Cycle

  17. 2. The Krebs CycleThe Cycle

  18. Acetyl CoA C-C NAD+ NADH FADH 2 FAD Citrate C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C CO2 NAD+ NADH C-C-C-C-C ATP ADP CO2 NADH NAD+

  19. Energy Summary For each Pyruvate 4 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP Pyruvate x2 from Glucose 8 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP

  20. CO2 Summary Glucose (6-Carbons) Pyruvate (3-Carbons) Krebs Cycle: 3 CO2 are produced

  21. 3. Electron Transport Chain The Electron Transport Chain uses the high-energy electrons that are transported by NADH and FADH2 to convert ADP into ATP.

  22. The electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) transfer their high energy electrons

  23. The electrons move from carrier protein to carrier protein until they reach a molecule of oxygen.

  24. Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with H+ to form H2O.

  25. As the electrons moved from carrier protein to carrier protein, part of their energy was used to move H+ into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion.

  26. This creates a high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space. To return to the matrix, the H+travel through ATP synthase. This generates ATP.

  27. ATP Synthase ATP Synthase joins ADP and a phosphate group to form ATP. The H + must travel through ATP synthase. They do this to reach a level of low concentration in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

  28. NADH and FADH2 Comparison • NADH has electrons with more energy than the electrons of FADH2 • NADH starts the electron transport chain at an earlier point than FADH2

  29. NADH and FADH2 Comparison • Each NADH supplies enough energy to make 3 ATP. • Each FADH2supplies enough energy to make 2 ATP.

  30. Counting up the energy • Glycolysis- How much energy?

  31. Glycolysis 4 ADP 4 ATP 2 ATP 2 ADP Glucose C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 NADH

  32. Counting up the energy Glycolysis- 2 ATP 2 NADH Krebs Cycle- How much energy?

  33. Acetyl CoA C-C NAD+ NADH FADH 2 FAD Citrate C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C CO2 NAD+ NADH C-C-C-C-C ATP ADP CO2 NADH NAD+

  34. Counting up the energy Glycolysis- 2 ATP 2 NADH Krebs Cycle- Preparation phase 1 NADH Cycle 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2

  35. Counting up the energy Glycolysis- 2 ATP 2 NADH Krebs Cycle- Preparation phase 1 NADH x2 Cycle 1 ATP x2 3 NADH x2 1 FADH2 x2

  36. Counting up the energy Glycolysis- 2 ATP 2 NADH Krebs Cycle- Preparation phase 2 NADH Cycle 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2

  37. Counting up the energy Glycolysis- ATP 2 ATP 2 2 NADH 6 Krebs Cycle- Preparation phase 2 NADH 6 Cycle 2 ATP 2 6 NADH 18 2 FADH2 4 Total: 38

  38. How efficient is cellular respiration? Cellular respiration can obtain about 38% of the total energy of glucose. What happens to the other 62%?

  39. How efficient is cellular respiration? Cellular respiration can obtain about 38% of the total energy of glucose. What happens to the other 62%? Lost as heat.

  40. Aerobic vs Anaerobic respriation

  41. Glycolysis- What can the cell use? 4 ADP 4 ATP 2 ATP 2 ADP Glucose C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 NADH

  42. Fermentation- recycles NADH into NAD+ • Fermentation occurs without oxygen • It enables the cell to continue producing ATP with Glycolysis. Two types of fermentation: Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

  43. Alcohol FermentationRecycles NADH Done by yeasts and produces ethanol and CO2 as waste products. Used to make wine, beer, and bread.

  44. Lactic Acid FermentationRecycles NADH Done by bacteria and fungi and produces lactate as waste. Used to make yogurt, cheese, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut, and kimchi.

  45. Lactic Acid Fermentation- in Humans Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver.

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