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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar. WEEK 3 SYSTEMATIC External Aspect. Last Week SYSTEMATICS Science as it seen by a scientist. Explicit Aspects Objects Structure Character Methods Processes. ICAS Jakarta 2003. SYSTEMATICS Science as seen by non-scientist. External Aspects

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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar

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  1. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCEbyArmahedi Mahzar WEEK 3 SYSTEMATICExternal Aspect ICAS Jakarta 2003

  2. Last WeekSYSTEMATICSScience as it seen by a scientist Explicit Aspects • Objects • Structure • Character • Methods • Processes ICAS Jakarta 2003 ICAS Jakarta 2003

  3. SYSTEMATICSScience as seen by non-scientist External Aspects • Goals • Function • Contexts • Originnon ICAS Jakarta 2003

  4. Goals of Science Discovering the regularities in nature for manipulating the natural phenomenaand conquering the natural limitations to raise the welfare of humankind ICAS Jakarta 2003 ICAS Jakarta 2003 4

  5. Function of Science • Interpretation • Explanation • Description • Control ICAS Jakarta 2003

  6. Contexts of Science Material Sociological Context Technology Economy Ideological Cultural Context Philosophy Ideology ICAS Jakarta 2003 ICAS Jakarta 2003 6

  7. The Origin of Modern Science ICAS Jakarta 2003

  8. The ancients • Mythological Egypt • Logical Greek • Plato: dodecahedral universe • Aristotle: geocentric spheres • Democritus: atom & void • Ptolemy: circular orbits ICAS Jakarta 2003

  9. Mythical Creation of the Universe ICAS Jakarta 2003

  10. Universe is a perfect organismwithout organs Demiurge selects as the basic corpuscles (sômata, “bodies”) four of the five regular solids: the tetrahedron for fire, the octahedron for air, the icosahedron for water, and the cube for earth To create universe The remaining regular solid, the dodecahedron, is “used for the universe as a whole,” Plato (427-347 BC ) on the Universe ICAS Jakarta 2003

  11. Aristotle’s Universe • The universe as a hierarchy of concentric sphere • The etherial sphere is the abode of stars ICAS Jakarta 2003

  12. There are two fundamentally different kinds of realities composing the natural world, infinity of indivisible atoms and infinite void. Democritus(460–370 BC) ICAS Jakarta 2003

  13. Ptolemy(85-126): Geocentric universe ICAS Jakarta 2003

  14. Renaissance • Pre Galilean : naked eye astronomy • Giodarno Bruno: infinite space • Tycho Brahe: bicentric universe • Nicolas Copernicus: heliocentric universe • Johannes Kepler: non-circular orbit • Galileo Galilei: Invention of telescope • Milky Way: collection of stars • Parabolic projectile motion ICAS Jakarta 2003

  15. Wrote the book De l'infinito, universo e mondi, 1584 Giodarno Bruno (1548-1600) ICAS Jakarta 2003

  16. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) ICAS Jakarta 2003

  17. Johannes Kepler(1571 –1630) ICAS Jakarta 2003

  18. Copernicus (1473 –1543) Revolution ICAS Jakarta 2003

  19. Nicolo Tartaglia Before Galileo ICAS Jakarta 2003

  20. Galileo Galilei(1564 – 1642) ICAS Jakarta 2003

  21. Newtonian Synthesis: with his 3 Laws of Motion 1 Law of Gravitation he derived the Kepler Laws of elliptic planetary motion Galileo parabolic projectile motion 17th Century Isaac Newton (1643 – 1712) ICAS Jakarta 2003

  22. An orrery (a mechanical model of the Solar System) can be taken as a metaphor for the clockwork Universe of Newtonian mechanics A Clockwork Universe ICAS Jakarta 2003

  23. Organismic Aristotlean Physics Universe is living organism Universe is geocentric Matter is continuous Space is finite Time is cyclic Mechanical Newtonian Physics Universe is dead machine Universe is heliocentric Matter is atomic Space is infinite Time is linear The Origin 1(Newtonian Paradigm Shift) ICAS Jakarta 2003

  24. Organismic Aristotlean Physics Motion is explained Stability is natural Motion is caused byforce The origin of force is the Prime Mover There are 4 kinds of causes Mechanical Newtonian Physics Motion is described Inertial motion is natural Change of speed and direction caused by force The origin of force is other material objects The efficient cause is the only cause The Origin 2(Newtonian Paradigm Shift) ICAS Jakarta 2003 ICAS Jakarta 2010

  25. Impact of Newtonian Mechanics The mechanism paradigm then expanded to the life and social sciences • Biology: mechanism of evolution • Sociology: mechanism of government • Psychology: psychic defence mechanism • Economy: free market mechanism ICAS Jakarta 2003

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